DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 153 



muscular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is es- 

 pecially an operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty. Draw- 

 ing off the liquid through the tube of an aspirator is another pos- 

 sible resort for the professional man. The delicate needle of the aspi- 

 rator is inserted in such cases through the floor of the vagina and up- 

 per wall of the bladder in the female, or through the floor of the rectum 

 (last gut) and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally through the 

 lower and back part of the abdominal wall, just in front of the bones of 

 the pelvis (pubic bones), and thence through the lower and anterior part 

 of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After relief has been ob- 

 tained the administration of belladonna in 2 dram doses daily for sev- 

 eral days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention. 



When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed by 

 overdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-half a 

 dram of powdered mix vomica repeated daily, and by mustard plasters 

 applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly inferiorly, or be 

 tween the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) balsam of copaiva are some- 

 times useful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ. 



INCONTINENCE OF URINE PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER. 



This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of 

 the spinal cord, or from broken back, and in these cases the tail is 

 likely tc be paralyzed, and it may be also the hind limbs. In this case 

 the urine dribbles away constantly, and the oiled hand in the vagina 

 or rectum will feel the half filled and flaccid bladder beneath, and may 

 easily ewpty it by pressure. 



Treatment is only successful when the cause of the trouble can be 

 remedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) have recovered, 

 blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the abdomen, or be- 

 tween the thighs, may be resorted to with success. Two drains daily 

 of copaiva,, or of solid extract of belladonna, or two grains Spanish flies 

 may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, the use of electric 

 currents may still prove successful. 



URINARY CALCULI STONE GRAVEL. 

 [Plato XI, Figs, 1,2,3.) 



Stone or gravel consists in hard bodies mainly made up of the solid 

 earthy constituents of the urine which have crystalli/ed out of that 

 liquid at sonic part of the urinary passage, and have remained as small 

 particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (stono, calculus). 

 In cattle it is no uncommon thing to find them distending tho practi- 

 cally microscopic tubes in the rod substance of tho kidney, having boon 

 deposited from the urino in the solid form almost as soon as that liquid 

 has been separated from the blood. Those stones appear as white ob- 

 jects on the red ground formed by cutting sections of tho kidney, and 

 arc essentially products of the dry food of winter, and most common in 



