DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 203 



from it lias drawn its nourishment. These are usually sacs containing 

 hair, skin, muscle, bone, or other natural tissues, and only exceptionally 

 do they show the distinct outline of the animal. 



MONSTROSITY IN THE CALF. 



As a monstrous development in the calf may hinder calving, it is 

 well to consider shortly the different directions in which these devi- 

 ations from the natural form appear. Their origin and significance 

 will be rendered clearer if we divide them according to the fault of 

 development in individual cases. Monsters are such 



(1) From absence of parts absence of head, limb, or other organ 

 arrested development. 



(2) From some organ being unnaturally small, as a dwarfed head, limb, 

 trunk, etc. arrested development. 



(3) From unnatural division of parts cleft lips, palate, head, trunk, 

 limbs, etc. abnormal growth. 



(4) From the absence of natural divisions absence of mouth, nose, 

 eye, anus, the cloven foot of ox or pig becomes solid like that of the 

 horse, etc. confluence of parts which are rightfully separate. 



(5) From the fusion of parts both eyes replaced by central one, both 

 nostrils merged into one central opening, etc. confluence of parts. 



(6) From unnatural position or form of parts curved nose, neck, 

 back, limbs, etc. lack of balance in the growth of muscles during 

 development. 



(7) From excessive growth of one or more organs enormous size of 

 head, double penis, superfluous digits, etc. redundancy of growth at 

 given points. 



(8) From imperfect differentiation of the sexual organs hermaphro- 

 dites (organs intermediate between male and female), male organs with 

 certain feminine characters, female organs with certain well-marked 

 male characters. 



(9) From the doubling of parts, or of the entire body double mon- 

 sters, double heads, double bodies, extra limbs, etc. redundant devel- 

 opment. (Plato xix, Figs. 1, 2, 3.) 



The came* of monstrosities are varied. Some, like extra digits, lack 

 of horns, etc., nin in families, which produce them with absolute cer- 

 tainty when bred in the direct line, although they were originally 

 acquired j>ecnliarities, which have merely been fixed by long habit in 

 successive generations. The earliest horse had five toes, and even the 

 most recent fossil horse had three toes, of which the two lateral ones 

 are still represented in the modern horse by the two splint bones. Yet 

 if our horse develops an extra toe it is pronounced a monstrosity. A 

 more genuine monstrosity is the solid hoofed pig. in which two toes 

 have been merged into one. Another of the same kind is the solid 

 shank bone of the ox, which consists of two tamos united into one. but 

 which are still found apart in the early fotu.-. Though originally 

 acquired peculiarities, these now breed as invariably as color or form. 



