206 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



{Head up toward the spint, 

 croup toward ndder. 

 Head down toward ndder. 

 croup toward spine. 

 !Head toward the right side, 

 croup toward the left. 

 , * ... , . . . 



Head toward the left side, 



(^ croup toward the right. 



Breast ami abdo- ) toward left. 



' Position of calf transverse.. ' 



( Head toward right side, croup 



uieu presented. \ l j Head toward left side, croup 



[ toward right. 



These include all general presentations, yet other subsidiary ones 

 will at once occur to the attentive reader. Thus, in each anterior or 

 posterior presentation, with the back of the calf turned downward or 

 to one side, the case may be complicated by the bending back of 

 one or more members as a whole, or at the joint just above the shank- 

 bones (knee or hock). So also in such anterior presentation the head 

 may be turned back. 



HEAD AND FORE FEET PRESENTED BACK TURNED TO ONE SIDE. 



The calf has a greater diameter from above down (spiue to breast- 

 bone) than it has from side to side, and the same is true of the passage 

 of the pelvis of the cow, which measures, on an average, 8^ inches 

 from above downward, and 7-j - inches from side to side. Hence, the 

 calf passes most easily with its back upward, and when turned with its 

 back to one side calving is always tardy and may be difficult or impos- 

 sible. The obvious remedy is to rotate the calf on its own axis until 

 its spine turns towards the spine of the cow. The operation is not 

 difficult if the body of the calf is not yet fixed in the passages. The 

 presenting feet are twisted over each other in the direction desired, 

 and this is continued until the head and spine have assumed their proper 

 place. If the body is firmly engaged in the passages the skin of the 

 whole engaged portion should be freely lubricated with lard, and the 

 limbs and head twisted over each other as above. The limbs may be 

 twisted by an assistant where the head is manipulated by the operator, 

 who drags on the rope turned halfway round the limbs, and assists in 

 the rotation with his other hand in the passages. 



HEAD AND FORE FEET PRESENTED BACK TURNED DOWN TOWARD 



THE UDDER. 



This position (Plate xvi, Fig. 6) is unnatural, and the parturition is 

 difficult for two reasons: first, the natural curvature of the. fetus is op- 

 posed to the natural curvature of the passages; and, second, the thick- 

 est pirt of the body of the calf (the upper) is engaged in the narrowest 

 part of the passage of the pelvis (the lower.) Yet unless the calf is 

 especially large and the pelvis of the cow narrow, parturition may 

 usually be accomplished in this way spontaneously, or with very little 



