212 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



pivssod farther with each successive throe until it has passed between 

 the fore legs and lodges beneath the breast bone. (Plate xvr, Fig. 4.) On 

 examination the narrow upper border of the neck is felt between the 

 fore arms, but as a rule the head is out of reach below. Keeping the 

 hand on the neck and dragging on the feet by the aid of ropes, the 

 hand may come to touch and seize the ear, or still better, one or two fin- 

 gers may be inserted into the orbit of the eye. Then, in pushing back 

 upon the limbs, with or without the aid of a repeller applied against 

 the shoulder, space may be secured to draw the head into a vertical 

 position, and even to slip down the hand so as to seize the nose. Should 

 it prove impossible to draw up the head with the unassisted fingers, a 

 blunt hook (Plate xxi, Fig. 6) may be inserted into the orbit, on which, 

 an assistant may drag while another pushes upon the limbs or repeller. 

 Meanwhile the operator may secure an opportunity of reacliing and 

 seizing the nose or of passing a blunt hook into the angle of the mouth. 

 Success will be better assured if two hooks (Plate xxi, Fig. 7) are in- 

 serted in the two orbits so as to draw up the head more evenly. In other 

 cases a noose may be placed on the upper jaw, or even around both 

 jaws, and traction made upon this and on the hooks in the orbits while 

 the legs are pushed back, and while the operator pushes back on the 

 poll or forehead. In still more difficult cases in which even the orbits 

 can not be reached a sharp hook on the end of a straight iron rod (Plate 

 xx, Fig. 2) may be inserted over the lower jaw as far forward as it can 

 be reached, and by dragging upon this while the body is pushed back 

 the head will be brought up sufficiently to allow the operator to reach 

 the orbit or nose. If even the jaw can not be reached the hook may be 

 inserted in the neck as near to the head as possible and traction em- 

 ployed so as to bring the head within peach. 



In all such cases the cow's head should be turned downhill, and in 

 case of special difficulty she should be turned on her back and held 

 there until the head is secured. In old standing cases, with the womb 

 closely clasping the body of the calf, relaxation may be sought by the 

 use of chloroform or a full dose of chloral hydrate, 2 ounces; and the 

 free injection of warm water into the womb will also be useful. 



HEAD TURNED BACK ON THE SHOULDER. 



With a natural anterior presentation this may happen because of the 

 imperfect dilatation of the mouth of the womb. Under the throes of 

 the mother the fore feet pass through the narrow opening into the 

 vagina, while the nose striking against it, and unable to enter, is pressed 

 backward into the womb and turns aside on the right or left shoulder. 

 The broad muzzle of the calf forms an especial obstacle to entrance 

 and favors this deviation of the head. The worst form of this devia- 

 tion is the old standing one with shortening of the muscles of the neck 

 on that side, and oftentimes distortion of the face and neck bones, as 

 noticed under monstrosities. 



