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depend on small peculations, rather than on their 

 salaries. Whatever difficulties may present them- 

 selves to the placing out young men of good family, 

 none have had recourse to commerce ; and if they 

 had, such would be treated by others as having lost 

 their caste, and descended to a lower rank of society. 

 The manufacturers and the artisans in Poland are 

 almost all of the German nation. If a joiner, painter, 

 mason, tailor, shoemaker, or a person of other similar 

 occupations, including too the medical profession, is 

 wanted, he will commonly be found only among the 

 Germans. The merchants, bankers, and traders, are 

 nearly as exclusively of the Jewish race; and that 

 too of all classes, from the importer of wines and 

 colonial produce to the dealer in rags and old 

 clothes ; from the monied man, who traffics in foreign 

 loans and foreign exchanges, down to the lender of 

 small sums, which the poor can obtain by pledging 

 their miserable furniture or implements. 



Examples have been recently set by some indivi- 

 duals of the first families and wealth, of establishing 

 manufactories, by forming colonies, with a view of 

 raising a race of consumers on their domains, among 

 whom a vent may be created for the productions of 

 the soil ; but they have, in almost every instance, 

 employed foreigners to conduct their concerns, and 

 to perform all the work above the lowest kinds of 

 drudgery. The Germans look too earnestly forward 

 to a return to their own country, with the money 

 they acquire, to invest it in cultivation ; and the 

 Jews are not disposed to engage in agricultural, or in 

 any pursuits or occupations in which their shrewdness 

 in making bargains would be of less avail than the 

 practice of hard labour and the most rigid economy. 



When estates are sold, the growing timber, houses, 

 and barns are not the subjects of a separate valua- 

 tion, but are included in one sum in the purchase. 

 The Buildings on Estates are. of necessity, more 



