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tances from Petersburgh, which usually amount to 

 4,000,000 silver roubles, or nearly five hundred thou- 

 sand pounds sterling. The forced Military Service, 

 and quartering of troops, are burdens on the land 

 which are difficult to reduce to any money estimation. 

 The young men of good families are expected to be- 

 come cadets in a service whose pay will scarcely clothe 

 them ; and the strongest of the labourers are selected as 

 privates, without the formality of asking their consent, 

 or drawing lots. When in quarters, the officers occupy 

 the best apartments in the houses of the proprietors, 

 whilst the privates are lodged in the peasants' cottages. 

 At present, the military are under good discipline ; 

 but still they have means of extorting, from those on 

 whom they are quartered, something beyond the use 

 of bare walls. 



Of late years the attention of the Government, of 

 those private nobles who have adequate means, and of 

 the richer Jews, has been drawn to Manufacturing. 

 The very low rate of all mere manual labour, the 

 extensive market of the vast Russian dominions being 

 opened to the Poles, and the cheapness of raw pro- 

 ducts, have contributed to the establishment of nu- 

 merous, but not large undertakings, which, as far as I 

 could form a judgment, promised to be beneficial to 

 the individuals concerned in them. 



I was assured by two noblemen at the head of dif- 

 ferent departments of the Executive Government, that 

 within the last six years more than 250,000 foreigners, 

 chiefly Germans, and almost all manufacturers, had 

 emigrated from their own country and established 

 themselves in Poland. They have some privileges in 

 regard to taxation. Those of them who are Pro- 

 testants are supplied with churches and ministers, at 

 the expense of the Government, though on a low 

 scale ; and they are, for a prescribed period, free from 

 the military conscription. 



The Cloth made from the native wool is coarse, and 



