Insect Life on the Western Arctic Coast of America 35K 



Groves of white spruce (Picea canadensis) become frequent farther up the 

 river. The largest trees were 30 feet high and about 5 feet in circumference 

 near the ground. Even stunted trees were seen from their rings to be about 

 fifty years old, and the largest must have been nearly five hundred years. 

 Samples were secured of the rich growth of lichens found on the dead trees .UK I 

 on the dead branches of the living trees. Many of the trees were attacked by 

 insects and very few young trees were seen, the growth ;LS a whole indicating 

 longevity. Dr. Richardson ascribes the appearance of the forest in particular 

 the dead trees and stumps to a deterioration of the climate, fires and expos un- 

 to cold north winds. Insects, however, undoubtedly contribute to the destruction 

 and many dead trees have been killed or injured solely by bark beetles and 

 cerambycid larvae, which were as numerous in some trees as in trees farther 

 south. 1 



Owing to their scattered distribution and consequent liability to exposure, 

 the percentage of trees, above a certain size, attacked by insects is larger in tin- 

 region than farther south. Living as they do under the bark, the insects are not 

 greatly influenced by the cold. 2 



Three species of bark beetles, Polygraphus rufipennis, Pityophthorus nitidus, 

 and Dendroctonus johanseni, were found in the dead trees, either under or in the 

 bark, 3 but the third species was found in only one tree, under the bark at its 

 base. All the beetles were dead, and no immature stages were observed. 4 



Tunnels of Cerambycid larvae were common upon the dead trees. Dead 

 larvae, cast skins, or their hymenopterous parasites were found in these burrows, 

 occasional " foreign " insects which had crawled into them later, and a few 

 cerambycid imagines, which possibly belonged to the tunnels. 



The living trees contained the Polygraphus and Pityophthorus mentioned 

 above and Carphoborus andersoni, but bark beetles were not nearly so numerous 

 as upon the dead trees. 



Depredation to the living trees by boring insects is extensive. The bark- 

 boring the more destructive are represented by Merium proteus and the 

 wood-boring by Neoclytus muricatulus and Xylothrechus undulatus. Most of 

 the larvae were heavily parasitized by immature stages of hymenopterous insects, 

 but all efforts to rear were unsuccessful. 



Of harmless insects a few sawfly larvae in cocoons were found in the ceram- 

 bycid galleries; they were of two kinds, the smaller a light brown, with dark, 

 dorsal streaks; the large, light green. This green larva was reared (No. 46) 

 and emerged July 13, 1915, when it proved to be a new species, Pontania quad- 

 rifasciata MacGillivray. 



Under spruce bark, or in the cerambycid tunnels, spider webs, fragments of 

 flies and beetles, etc., and a winged ant were observed. This ant and a similar 

 specimen! found November, 1913, in an old bird's-nest about 30 miles up 

 Sadlerochit river, represent the only ant material secured by the expedition, 

 and the two localities indicate the probable northern limit for ants in North 

 America. 5 



No other insects were seen along the lower Coppermine river, except a few 

 bot fly-grubs (Oedemagena tarandi} from caribou above Bloody falls. Franklin 

 (1st Expedition) states that sandflies were numerous and troublesome in the 

 August evenings, the temperature then being 53 degrees F. at about 67 12' 

 North; and Richardson (Arctic Searching Expedition) was annoyed by these 

 insects in the same region as late as September 8, in the evening. 



i Johansen, F., Can. For. Jour., XV, 7, July, 1919, pp. 303-5. 



2;See Kept, of Can. Arct. Exped., 1913-18, vol. Ill, Part E, Coleoptera, by J. M. Swaine. 

 3 A section of a trunk was preserved. 

 * The observations were made in February, 191>o. 



5 Formica hereculeana recorded from Back's Overland Expedition (Great Fish 'river) by 

 Children. 



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