DR DUBOIS ON PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS. 85 



the upper border of the sulcus transversus. This plane appeared 

 to cut the impression of the inferior frontal convolution at the limit 

 of its upper two-thirds and the lower one-third. The weight of this 

 water was 565 grammes. A small quantity of stony matter, which 

 could not be taken out of the skull-cap, because this is somewhat 

 thin and weak at this place, could easily be measured on a cast to 

 have a volume of 5 c. c. Thus then the capacity of the described 

 cerebral part of the cranium was 570 c. c. 



The same cerebral part of the cranial cavity measured with 

 water in three European (Dutch) skulls, made impermeable by 

 impregnation with molten paraffin and by filling up the holes with 

 wax, was 884, looo and 1040 c. c, and that in one Javanese skull 

 II 50 c. c. The whole capacity in these four skulls was on the 

 average equal to r4 (r35 to r45) times that of the cerebral part. 

 For the same calvarian cerebral capacity in the Neanderthal-skull, 

 measured with rape-seed, I found 920 c. c. and about the same 

 figure in the smaller cranium of Spy, in the larger one at least 

 1050. Thus it appears that these fossil crania are not smaller than 

 other human crania. 



In one cranium of a female Chimpanzee, a female Orang- 

 utan, and a female Hylobates agilis, all full-grown, in which the 

 impression of the inferior frontal convolution was very clearly 

 developed, I found an average proportion between the indicated 

 volumes of i"53 (r43 to r58). In the cranium of a large male 

 Gorilla with a total capacity of 540 c. c, the calvarian cerebral part 

 measured at the utmost 280 c. c. ; in the female Chimpanzee, with 

 366 total capacity, I found a calvarian capacity of 246 c. c. ; in the 

 female Orang-utan with 346 c. c. capacity of 212 c. c. 



Considering the proportions quoted above, of which I am sorry 

 that they are so few, and taking into account the shape of the 

 crania, we may assume as a fair approximation to truth v^ for that 

 proportion in the fossil Javanese cranium ; we find then for the 

 entire cranium a capacity of 855 c. c. With the aid of a method of 

 deduction given by Welcker, we may calculate the corresponding 

 brain-weight at 750 grammes. 



The average capacity in the full-grown male European may 

 be taken at about 1500 c. c. and the average brain-weight at about 

 1400 gr. A cranial capacity of 855 c. c. would certainly be very 

 low for a normal human being. Still there have been measured 

 normal human skulls which very nearly approach to that figure. 

 Sir William Flower found the average capacity of 13 male An- 

 damanese crania 1281 c. c, with a minimum of Ii20c. c, and of 

 13 females 1148 c. c. with a minimum of 1040 c. c. Sir W'illiam 

 Turner found the mean capacity in 39 Australian men 1280 c. c, 

 the minimum was 1044. In 24 women the mean capacity was 

 1 1 16 c. c. and four crania were between 900 and lOOO c. c, the 

 lowest 930 c. c. The Drs Sarasin found for 22 male W^eddas a 

 mean capacity of 1277 c. c, the lowest was 1012. In the opinion 



