86 FOURTH GENERAL MEETING. 



of Broca, normal male European crania might measure as little 

 as 1050 c. c, i.e. 980 c. c. real volume, and normal female crania 

 about 910 or 830 c. c. real volume. Other anthropologists have 

 admitted about the same inferior limit of normal cranial capacity 

 in Europeans. 



It is well known that fossil human skulls do not fall below 

 those of recent human races in their capacity. This we saw to be 

 the case even for such a low fossil race as that of Neanderthal and 

 Spy, as may be inferred from the measured calvaria. 



Of the anthropoid apes the largest cranial capacity on record, 

 621 c. c, is that of a male gorilla in the Laboratoire d'Anthropologie 

 at Paris, recorded by Topinard ; according to the reduction tables 

 of E. Schmidt (which ought to be lengthened for this purpose) 

 621 c. c. as measured by the method of Broca would indicate a real 

 volume of 574 c. c. Sir William Turner obtained by another 

 method for five adult male gorillas a mean capacity of the cranium 

 of 494 c. c, the maximum being 590 c. c, and the minimum 

 410 c.c. 



The greatest cranial capacity in five adult male gorillas mea- 

 sured by A. B. Meyer was 560 c.c, the smallest 425, the mean 

 capacity being 497 c. c. The largest cranium of a male gorilla in 

 the Leiden Museum measured by myself attained a real volume of 

 540 c. c. The weight of the brain in a full-grown male gorilla 

 observed by Owen was 15 oz. av. or 425 grammes, which cor- 

 responds to nearly 510 c.c. capacity. Topinard gives 531 c.c. 

 (Broca) for the mean capacity of gorilla, which reduced to real 

 volume indicates about 490 c. c. It appears from these and a 

 few other data that, assuming for the adult male gorilla a mean 

 capacity of 500 c. c, we more probably make too high than too low 

 an estimate. 



Topinard's measurements of the crania of 7 male chimpanzees 

 afforded a mean capacity of 421 c.c. Broca (corresponding to about 

 400 c.c. real volume). The capacity of the cranium in four adult 

 male chimpanzees, observed by A. B. Meyer, ranged from 370 to 

 485 c.c, the mean being 415. According to measurements of 

 Bischoff the cranial capacity in two male chimpanzees was 410 — 

 460 c c Three male chimpanzees measured by Turner gave a 

 mean cranial capacity of 383 c.c. (350 — 440). According to these 

 observations we may estimate the mean cranial capacity in the 

 male chimpanzee at about 400 c c 



For the capacity of the cranium in eight male Orang-utans, 

 Vogt found an average of 448 c c, Topinard for three males of 

 439 c c, Delisles in six males of 427 c c, A, B. Meyer in six males 

 406 c c (360 to 5CX)), Prof Selenka, from a personal communication 

 kindly made to me, in about 60 males a mean of 460 c. c and a 

 maximum of 534. From these observations it results that we may 

 consider the average cranial capacity of the adult male Orang-utan 

 as to be nearer to 450 than to 400 c. c. The brain of a large male 



