DR DUBOIS ON PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS. 93 



the same index of cephalisation, the difference being indeed less 

 than i/iooo. It thus appears that EngHsh and German men of the 

 classes in question occupy an equal degree of cephalisation. But 

 comparing the average weight of body of 40 Andamanese men 

 observed by General Man with the brain-weight as computed from 

 the observed cranial capacity by Sir William Flower (1281 c. c.) I 

 found their cephalisation to be 91 to 93 per cent, of that of the 

 two European nations. In the same manner the cephalisation of 

 the negro (the average body-weight of a large number of this race 

 being communicated by Gould) can be estimated from the observed 

 mean cranial capacity and some observations of the weight of the 

 brain at 91 to g&s per cent, of that of those Europeans. Also the 

 cephalisation of the Maoris of New Zealand (the body-weight 

 being taken from observations by Thomson) appears to attain only 

 93 per cent., and the North- American Indians (the average body- 

 weight being observed by Gould) 94 per cent, of that in the 

 Europeans. 



In the Andamanese women the average cephalisation appears 

 to be about 6^ per cent, lower than that of the men, even when 

 taking into account the larger percentage of fat in the female body. 

 The average encephalisation in European women then remains 

 4^ per cent, behind that of the men. Generally the Australians are 

 regarded as being the lowest of existing human races. From 

 about 150 observations of the cranial capacity in Australian men 

 by Flower, Turner, Broca and others an average capacity certainly 

 little below 1300 c. c. is to be calculated. This corresponds (reduced 

 by the method of Welcker) to 1190 grammes of brain-weight. If 

 we now assume as the average body-weight of the Australian men 

 (having an average stature of about 165 cm., but being slender and 

 less muscular than the European) 50 kilogrammes, we find their 

 cephalisation on the average to be 92 per cent, of that in the 

 European. 



From all these figures it is apparent that in the existing races of 

 men the average cephalisation does change but very little, and, as 

 already pointed out, the same must hold good for fossil men. 



Certainly the calculated relative quantity of the brain in com- 

 parison to a certain reduction of the weight of the body is only 

 a very rough estimate of the real cephalisation of the central 

 nervous system, the finer structure being thereby entirely neglected. 

 On the other hand, as a first approximation towards a just com- 

 parison of brain to brain, the importance of an estimation of the 

 degree of cephalisation from a calculation based on the weight or 

 the volume of the brain should not be undervalued, as it is highly 

 probable that in most cases the finer structure, or, as we may still 

 call it at the present state of our knowledge, the quality of the 

 brain, keeps pace with that calculated relative quantity. We must 

 feel satisfied that this certainly is the most important measure of 

 the degree of cephalisation, bearing in mind, however, that the 



