kino, but this does not prove to be the case, no indication of its presence 

 being perceptible either in the fresh bark or wood/ 



Etti (1878) extracted from kino colourless prisms of Kino'in by 

 boiling the drug with twice its weight of hydrochloric acid, about 103 

 sp. gr. On cooling, kino-red separates, very little of it remaining in 

 solution together with kinoin. The latter is extracted by exhausting 

 the liquid with ether, which by evaporation affords crystals of kinoin. 

 They should be re-crystallized from boiling water ; they agree with the 

 formula C^^H^'O*, which is to be regarded as that of a methylated gallic 

 ether of pyrocatechin, viz., CH* (OCff; (7H'0'. 



Kinoin by heating it to 130' C. gives off water and turns red: 



2 C^'H^O' = OW . C^H-0". 



The latter product is an amorphous mass agreeing with kino-red; by heat- 

 ing it at 160-170'' it again loses water, thus affording another anhydride. 



E tti s ucceeded in prepari ng methyl ic chlorid e, pyrocatech in C^H^(OH)"^, 

 as well as gallic acid C^H^O^, by decomposing kinoin. 



We have prepared kinoin iroxa Australian kino (seepage 198), but 

 failed in obtaining it from Malabar kino, which however Etti states to 

 have used. Kino affords about Ih per cent of kinoin. 



The solutions of kinoin turn red on addition of ferric salts. 



Commercial kino yielded us 13 per cent of ash. 



Commerce — The quantity of true kino collected in the Madras 

 forests is comparatively small, probably not exceeding a ton or two 

 annually. The drug is often shipped from Cochin. 



Uses — Kino is administered as an astringent. It is said to be used 

 in the manufacture of wines, and it might be employed if cheap enough 

 in tanning and dyeing. 



Other sorts of Kino. 



1. Biitea Kino, Butea Gum, Bengal Kiiw, Palas or Pidas Kino, 

 Gum of the Palas or DhaJc Tree. 



This is an exudation from Batea frondosa Roxb. {Legwniinosai:), a 

 tree of India and Burma, well known under the name o^ Palas or Dhak\ 

 and conspicuous for its splendid, large, orange, papilionaceous flowers.^ 

 According to Roxburgh it flows during the hot season from natural 

 fissures or from wounds made in the bark, as a red juice which soon 

 hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent gum. 



Authentic specimens of this kino have been placed at our disposal 

 by Mr. Moodeen Sheriff of Madras and by Dr. J. Newton of Bellary. 

 That received from the first-named gentleman consists of flattish, angular 

 fragments (the largest about J an inch across) and small drops or tears 

 of a very dark, ruby-coloured gum, which when held to the light is seen 

 to be perfectly transparent. The flat pieces have been mostly dried on 

 leaves, an impression of the veins of which they retain on one side, 



^ We have to thank Mr. Broughton, late pyrocatechin by the tests which he found 



of the Cinchona Plantations, Ootacaniund, to render it easily evident in dry kino, 



for determining this point. In the bark * See Nees von Esenbeck, PCantce medi- 



almost saturated with fresh liquid kino, he cinahs, Ditsseldorf, iii. (1833) tab. 79. 

 utterly failed to obtain any indication of 



