CORTEX CINCHONiE. 343 



known in Spain the following year (1639), when it was first tried at 

 Alcala de Henares near Madrid.^ 



The introduction of Peruvian Bark into Europe is described by 

 ChiiBet, physician to the archduke Leopold of Austria, viceroy of the 

 Netherlands and Burgundy, in his Pulvis Febrifitgus Orbis Americani 

 ventilatus, published at Brussels in 1653 (or 1651 ?). He says that 

 among the wonders of the day, many reckon the tree growing in the 

 kingdom of Peru, which the Spaniards call Palo de Calenturas, i.e. 

 Lignum febrium. Its virtues reside chiefly in the bark, which is 

 known as China febris, and which taken in powder drives off the 

 febrile paroxysms. He further states, that during the last few years 

 the bark has been impoi-ted into Spain, and thence sent to the Jesuit 

 Cardinal Joannes de Lugo at Rome.^ Chifflet adds, that it has been 

 carried from Italy to Belgium by the Jesuit Fathers going to the 

 election of a general, but that it was also brought thither direct from 

 Peru by Michael Belga, who had resided some years at Lima. 



Chifflet, though candidly admitting the efficacy of the new drug 

 when properly used, was not a strong advocate for it; and his publica- 

 tion started an acrimonious controversy, in which Honoratius Faber, a 

 Jesuit (1655), Fonseca, physician to Pope Innocent X., Sebastiano Bado^ 

 of Genoa (1656 and 1663), and Sturm (1659) appeared in defence 

 of the febrifuge ; while Plempius (1655), Glantz, an imperial physician 

 of Ratisbon (1653), Godoy, physician to the king of Spain (1653), 

 Rene Moreau (1655), Arbinet and others contended in an opposite 

 sense. 



From one of these disputants, Roland Sturm, a doctor of Louvain, 

 who wrote in 1659,* we learn that four yeai^ previously, some of the 

 new febrifuge had been sent by the archduke Leopold to the Spanish 

 ambassador at the Hague, and that he (Sturm) had been required to 

 report upon it. He further states, that the medicine was known in 

 Brussels and Antwerp as Pulvis Jesuiticits, because the Jesuit Fathers 

 were in the habit of administering it gratis to indigent persons 

 suffering from quartan fever; but that it was more commonly called 

 Pulvis Peruanus or Peruvianam, FebHfugum. At Rome it bore the 

 name of Pulvis eminentissimi Cardinalis de Lugo, or Pulvis ixnti^m; 

 the Jesuits at Rome received it from the establishments of their order 

 in Peru, and used to give it away to the poor in Cardinal de Lugo's 

 palace. In 1658 Sturm saw 20 doses sent to Paris which cost 60 

 florins. He gives a copy of the handbill^ of 1651 which the apothecaries 

 of Rome used to distribute with the costly powder, 



^ Villerobel, quoted by Bado, op. cit. 202. chiama China, o vero China della febre, 



^ The cardinal belonged to a family of laciuale si adopra per la febre quartana, e 



Seville, which town had the monopoly of terzana, che venga con freddo : s'adropra in 



the trade with America. questo modo, cioe : 



' Bado in his Anaatasis, lib. 3, quotes Se ne piglia dramme due, e si pista fina, 



the opinion of many persons as coinciding con passarla per setaccio ; e tre hore prima 



with his own. incirca, che debba venir la febre si mette 



* Febrifugi Peruviani Vindiciarum pars in infusione in un bicchiero di vino bianco 



prior — Pulveris Hhtoriam complectens ejus- gagliardissimo, e quando il freddo com- 



que vires et proprietates . . . exhibeiis, Del- mincia k venire, 6 si sente qualche minimo 



phis, 1659. 12". principio, si prende tutta la presa preparata, 



' It is in these words: — Modo di adoprare e si mette il patiente in letto. 



la Corteccia chiamata della Febre. — Questa Avertasi, si potr^ dare detta Corteccia nel 



Corteccia si porta dal Regno di Peru, e si modo sudetto nella febre terzana, quando 



