348 RUBIACEiE. 



grammes of bark ; yet a good deal of the excellent barks of the 

 Columbian State of Santander, especiall}'- those of the neighbourhood 

 of Bucaramanga, find their way to Maracaibo, taking the name of 

 that place. 



Some Cinchona bark is also shipped from Venezuela by way of 

 Puerto Cabello. 



The quantity of bark appearing in the Annual Statement of Trade 

 as "Peruvian Bark" imported into the United Kingdom in 1872, was 

 28,451 cwt., valued £285,620; of which 11,843 cwt. was shipped from 

 New Granada, 4,668 cwt. from Ecuador, and 5,829 cwt. from Peru, the 

 remainder being entered as from the ports of Chili, Brazil, Central 

 America and other countries. The imports into the United Kingdom 

 in 1876 were 26,021 cwt., valued at £272,154. 



Cultivation — The reckless system of bark-cutting in the forests of 

 South America, which has resulted in the utter extermination of the 

 tree from many localities, has aroused the attention of the Old World, 

 and has at length prompted serious efforts to cultivate the tree on a 

 large scale in other countries. 



The idea of cultivating Cinchonas out of their native regions was 

 advanced by Ruiz in 1792, and by F^e of Strassburg in 1824.^ Royle ^ 

 pointed out in 1839 that suitable localities for the purpose might be 

 found in the Neilgherry HiUs and probably in many other parts of 

 India, and argued indefatigably in favour of the introduction of 

 the tree. 



The subject was also urged in reference to Java in 1837 by Fritze, 

 director of medical affairs in that island ; in 1846 by Miquel, and sub- 

 sequently by other Dutch botanists and chemists.^ 



Living Cinchonas had been taken to Algeria as early as 1849, 

 by the intervention of the Jesuits of Cusco, but their cultivation met 

 with no success. 



Weddell in 1848 brought cinchona seeds from South America to 

 France, and strenuously insisted on the importance of cultivating the 

 plant. His seeds, especially those of C. Calisaya, germinated at the 

 Jardin des Plantes in Paris, and in June 1850, living seedlings were 

 sent to Algeria ; and in April 1852, through the Dutch Government, 

 to Java. 



The first important attempts at cinchona-cultivation were made by 

 the Dutch. Under the auspices of the Colonial Minister Pahud, after- 

 wards Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, the botanist 

 Hasskarl was despatched to Peru for the purpose of obtaining seeds and 

 plants. His mission was so far successful, that a collection of plants 

 contained in 21 Wardian cases, was shipped in August 1854 from 

 Callao, in a frigate sent expressly to receive them. Notwithstanding 

 every care, the plants did not reach Java in good condition ; and when 

 Hasskarl resigned his appointment in 1856, he bequeathed to his suc- 

 cessor Junghuhn only 167 young cinchonas, though 400 specimens had 

 been shipped from South America. 



An impulse to the project of cinchona-planting was given in 1852 



^ Cours d'Hist. nat. pharmaceutique, ii. ^ According to K.W. van Gorkom,sugges- 



(1828) 252. tions to the same end were made to the 



^ Illustraticms of (he Bot. of the Himalayan Dutch Government as early as 1829 by 



Mountains, i. (1839) 240. Reinwardt. 



