CORTEX CINCHON.E. 351 



Ceylon oflfers favourable spots for the cultivation of Cinchona, in the 

 mountain region which occupies the centre of the island, as at Hak- 

 galle, near Neuera-Ellia, 5,000 feet above the sea, where a plantation 

 was formed by Government in 1861. The production of bark has been 

 taken up with spirit by the coffee-planters of Ceylon. 



The Government of India has acted with the greatest liberality in 

 distributing plants and seeds of Cinchona, and in promoting the cultiva- 

 tion of the tree among the i)eople of India ; and it has freely granted 

 supplies of seed to other countries. 



The plantations of Java commenced by Hasskarl, increased under 

 Jiinghuhn's management to such an extent, that in December 18G2 

 there were 1,360,000 seedlings and young trees, among which however 

 the more valuable species, as C Calisaya, G. lancifolia, C. Tuicrantha and 

 C. succirvbbra, were by far the least numerous, whereas C. Pahudiana, 

 of which the utility was by no means well established, amounted to 

 over a million. The disproportionate multiplication of this last was 

 chiefly due to its quickly yielding an abundance of seeds, and to its 

 lupid and vigorous growth. Another defect in the early Dutch system 

 of cultivation arose from the notion that the Cinchona requires to be 

 grown in the shade of other trees, and to a less successful plan of 

 multiplying by cuttings and layers. 



These and other matters were the source of animated and often 

 bitter discussions, which terminated on the one hand by the death of 

 Junghuhn in 1864, and on the other by the skilful investigations of De 

 Vry. This eminent chemist was despatched by the Government of 

 Holland in 1857 to Java, that he might devote his chemical knowledge 

 to the investigation of the natural productions of the island, including 

 the then newly introduced Cinchona. It was March 16th, 1859, when 

 Dr. de Yry laid before the governor-general, Mr. Pahud, the first crystals 

 of sulphate of quinine he had prepared from bark grown in that island. 



Under K. W. van Gorkom, who was appointed superintendent in 

 1864, the Dutch plantations have assumed a very prosperous state. 

 J. C. Bernelot Moens,^ the present director, stated that at the end of 

 1878 the leading species was Calisaya in its various forms, including 

 more than 400,000 plants of Ledger's Calisaya. Numerous analyses of 

 Bernelot Moens show a percentage of from 4^ to 10*6 of quinine in the 

 latter variety. Some of them, however, in December 1878, afforded 

 not more than 064 per cent, of quinine and 1*26 of cinchonidine. 



The regular shipments of the barks from Java to the Amsterdam 

 market are going on, and the barks are sold there with regard to the 

 results of the government chemist's analyses. 



Cinchona Bark from the Indian plantations began to be brought into 

 the London market in 1867/ and now arrives in constantly increasing 

 quantities. 



The history of the transplantation of the Cinchona down to the 

 year 1867 has been made the subject of the report of Soubeiran and 

 Delondre mentioned at the end of the present article. 



^ I am indebted to the Dutch administra- there also Mr. Howard, who presented 



tion for their interesting statistical docu- Mr. S. and myself with market samples 



men ts relating to Cinchona. — F. A. F. of the first importation of C. mccirubra, 



^ When I was in London, in August from Denison plantation, Ootacamund. — 



1867, I went to Finabury Place, to meet F. A. F. 

 Mr. Spruce, and was happy enough to find 



