STROBILI HUMULI. 551 



places exported during 1867, 1830 rnumids (146,400 lb.) to Le, whence 

 the commodity is carried to the Punjab and Kashmir. Smaller quan- 

 tities are annually imported from Kandahar and Samarkand;^ some 

 charas appears also (1876) to be exported from Mandshuria to China. 

 The drug is mostly consumed by smoking with tobacco ; it is not found 

 in European commerce. 



STROBILI HUMULI. 



Hiiymulus vel Lupulus ; Hops ; F. HovMon ; G. Hopfen. 



Botanical Origin — Ilumulus Lujndus L., — a dioecious perennial 

 plant, producing long annual twining stems which climb freely over 

 trees and bushes. It is found wild, especially in thickets on the banks 

 of rivers, throughout all Europe, from Spain, Sicily and Greece to 

 Scandinavia ; and extends also to the Caucasus, the South Caspian 

 region, and through Central and Southern Siberia to the Altai mountains. 

 It has been introduced into North America, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), 

 and Australia. 



History — Hops have been used from a remote period in the brewing 

 of beer, of which they are now regarded as an indispensable ingredient. 

 Hop gardens, under the name hinnidaria or haniideta, are mentioned 

 as existing in France and Germany in the 8th and 9th centuries ; and 

 Bohemian and Bavarian hops have been known as an esteemed kind 

 since the 11th century. A grant alleged to have been made by William 

 the Conqueror in 1069, of hops and hop-lands in the county of Salop,^ 

 would indicate, were it free from doubt, a very early cultivation of the 

 hop in England. 



As to the use made of hops in these early times, it would appear 

 that they were regarded in somewhat of a medicinal aspect. In the 

 Herhariuni of Ajnileius,^ an English manuscript written about A.D. 

 1050, it is said of the hop (hyraele) that its good qualities are such that 

 men put it in their usual drinks; and St. Hildegard,^ a century later, 

 states that the hop Qioppho) is added to beverages, partly for its whole- 

 some bitterness, and partly because it makes them keep. 



Hops for brewing were among the pi'oduce which the tenants of the 

 abbey of St Germain in Paris ^ had to furnish to the monastery in the 

 beginning of the 9th century ; yet in the middle of the 14th century, 

 beer without such addition was still brewed in Paris. 



The brewsters, bakere and millers of London were the subject of a 

 manda'te of Edward I. in A.D. 1298 ; but there is no reason for inferring 

 that the manufacture of malt liquor at this period involved the use of 

 hops. It is plain indeed that somewhat later, hops were not generally 

 used, for in the 4th year of Henry VI. (1425-26), an information was 

 laid against a person for putting into beer " an unwholesome weed called 



* Stewart, Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. of Early England, edited by Cockayne, i. 

 216. (1864) 173 ; iL (1865) ix. 



- Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs * Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, 



of Manors, edited by Hazlitt, 1874. 165. Paris, 1855. 1153. 



' Leeckdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft ' Guerard, Polyptique de I'abbe Irminon, i. 



(1844) 714. 896. 



