APPENDIX. Too 



Charaka, i.e. book of he^ilth. An old Sanskrit work, analogous to 

 Siisnita's Ayurvedas (see Susnita), yet reputed in India to be older than the 

 latter. Charaka is now being published, since 1868, at Calcutta, and also at 

 Bombay, but is not yet translated in any modern idiom. There are Arabic 

 versions of the end of the 8th century, as stated by Albiriini in the 11th cen- 

 tury, and by Ibn Baitar (see B.) For further particulars consult Roth, 

 Zeit^chrift der Deutsctien Moryerddndischen G esellscliaft, xxvi. (1872) 441 sqq. 



Charlemagne, the great Emperor, 768-814. He ordered, in 812, by the 

 " Capitulare de villis et cortis imperialibus," a considerable number of useful 

 plants to be cultivated in the imperial farms. Several other plants are also 

 mentioned, for similar purpose, in the Emperor's "^ Breviarium rerum fiscal- 

 ium." A full account of both these remarkable documents will be found in 

 Meyer's Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 401-412. See also B. Guerard, 

 Exulication du Capitidaire de Villis; Bibliothfeque de I'Ecole des Chai-tes, IV. 

 (1853) 201-247. 313-350. and 346-572. 



See pages 92. 98. 172. 179. 245. 269, 308. 329. 488. 542. 545. 627. 



Chordadbeh — See Khurdadbah. 

 Circa instans — See Platearius. 



Clusius, Charles de I'Escluse, bom at Arras, in the north of France, A.D. 

 1526 ; died A.D. 1609. He lived at Marburg, Wittenberg, Frankfurt, Strassburg, 

 Lyons, Montpellier; travelled in Spain and Portugal; paid, in 1571, a visit to 

 London, and again in a later year. Clusius was, from 1573 to 1587, the direc- 

 tor of the imperial gardens at Vienna, and from 1593 to 1609 professor of 

 botany in the University of Leiden. Among the works of this eminent man 

 the most important, from a pharmaceutical point of view, are : 1. Aliquot 

 notce in Garciae aromatum historiam. Antverpise, 1582. 2. Rariorum plan- 

 tarum historia. Antv., 1601. 3. Exoticor:^ni libri decern. Antv., 1605. — See 

 Morren, Charles de I'Ecluse, sa vie et ses CBUvres. Liege, Boverie, No. 1, 

 1875, 59 pp. 



See pages 17. 21. 73. 83. 96. 202. 211. 254. 272. 287. 390, 401. 425. 429. 

 453. 521, 589. 648. 657. 



CoUectio Salernitana — See Alphita. 



Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus. Bom at Cadiz ; he wrote be- 

 tween A.D. 35 and 65 the most valuable agricultural work of the Eoman 

 literature : ^^ De re rustica libri xii." It has been translated by Nisard, 

 together with Columella's book, " De arboribits," for Firmin Didot's " Agro- 

 nomes latins." Paris, 1877. The list of the numerous plants mentioned by 

 Columella will be found in Meyer's Geschichte der Botanik ii., 68. 



See pages 97. 245. 664. 



Constantinus Africanus. Born at Carthage in the second half of the 

 10th century. A physician who spent his life in travels in the east and in 

 studies in the medical school at Salerno (see S.), and in the famous Benedic- 

 tine Abbey of Monte Cassino; died A.D. 1106. He transmitted the medical 

 knowledge of the Arabs to the school of Salerno, of which he may be called 

 the most distinguished fellow. See Steinschneidei- in Virchow's Archiv fvir 

 patholog. Anatomic und Physiologie, 37 (1866) 351 ; and in Rohl/s Archiv 

 fiir Gescliichte der Medicin, 1879, 1-22. Steinschneider shows that Constan- 

 tin's work, De Gradibus, is chiefly based on that of Jbn-al-Bjazzdr, who died 

 about A.D. 1004. 



See pages 130. 211. 377. 494. 573. 584. 600. 



Conti, Niccol6 dei. A Venetian merchant, who spent 25 years (from 

 1419 to 1444 ]) in India. His interesting accounts are by far the most valu- 

 able of that period. They have been published for the Hakluyt Society (ed. 



