112 SPECIAL BACTERIOLOGY 



No. I. Vaccine grown fifteen to twenty days at 42 to 43 C. 

 No. II. ten to twelve 



In the preliminary tests vaccine No. I. killed only mice, while vaccine 

 No. II. killed both mice and guinea-pigs, but not rabbits. 



Cattle and sheep receive an injection of 0'33 c.c. of a four days' 

 old bouillon culture of No. I., and the same dose of vaccine No. II. in ten 

 or twelve days. The effects of the inoculation with vaccine No. I. 

 should be scarcely noticeable, causing neither constitutional nor local 

 symptoms, while vaccine No. II. may or may not cause some constitu- 

 tional disturbance, and when it does the symptoms are rarely 

 of an exaggerated nature, and disappear in a short time if the vaccines 

 have been properly prepared and tested before use. 



The above vaccines render sheep and cattle immune to inoculated 

 anthrax, but, according to Koch, against natural infection by means of 

 the intestinal tract, i.e., bowel anthrax. Pasteur's vaccines cannot be 

 employed with certainty, and furthermore, a great many unsatisfactory 

 results have occurred, showing that the strength of the vaccines cannot 

 be regulated with absolute certainty. 



The part played by insects in conveying anthrax has recently been 

 investigated by Dr Nuttall. He shows that bed-bugs and fleas may be 

 gorged on anthrax victims, and then placed on sound animals, which, on 

 being bitten, show no disease, while at the same time cultivation and 

 inoculation experiments made from the above insects, as well as 

 microscopical examination, reveal the fact that the B. anthracis, during 

 its sojourn in the body of the insect, degenerates. Finally, the doctor 

 states that it is conceivable to have an inoculation in an abrased skin 

 surface by violently crushing the surfeited bloodsucker against the 

 wound. 



Bacteriological Diagnosis. Remove some of the effusion 

 from the deeper portions of the suspected pustule, and insti- 

 tute plate cultures (for special methods see Technique, page 

 58), and if typical colonies develop, then pure cultures are 

 made, and animals inoculated. In cases of suspected abdominal 

 anthrax, the faeces and vomit must be examined. In cases of 

 lung anthrax the bacillus is sometimes found in the copious expectora- 

 tion. Examination of the blood reveals whether general infection exists 

 or not, and is of great account regarding the prognosis of the case, but 

 it must also be remembered that the bacilli are principally localized in 

 the capillaries. 



In animals it is often necessary to decide if an animal died of 

 anthrax or not. If shortly after death a microscopical examination is 

 made of the blood from a foot, ear, tail, or the spleen (but it is considered 

 advisable never to cut open a suspected anthrax carcase, as it only 

 favours the development of spores, which are never formed in the 



