262 THE PROTOZOA 



acid for a few seconds and then washed in water ; examined in water, or 

 dried and mounted in xylol balsam. 



Anatomical Changes. The principal post-mortem lesions observed by 

 the author during an extensive outbreak in California in 1888, where one 

 ( rancher ' lost 700 out of a herd of 1200 in from three to four weeks, were 

 as follows. The blood was a bright brick-red colour, very thin, seeming 

 to coagulate more rapidly than normal blood. The flesh in the majority 

 of cases was of a bright red colour, the fat between the muscles, as well 

 as that of the alveolar tissue, of a deep brownish colour. The spleen was 

 enormously enlarged, of a dark purple colour, the capsule sometimes being 

 studded with petechiae. On section the splenic pulp consisted of a disin- 

 tegrated mass, having lost all consistency, pressure causing light red blood to 

 escape. The largest measurement obtained was 24 in. long and 16 in. in 

 circumference. The stomach, when examined in situ, shows the following 

 appearances : The reticulum is sometimes the seat of red imbibitions. The 

 abomasum is always the seat of distinct and pathognomonic changes. The 

 mucosa often presents a pink or dark-red colour, with minute ecchymoses 

 studding its surface, and erosions of the epithelium are also frequently 

 present. The duodenum is sometimes of a deep red colour, the mucosa deeply 

 tinged with bile, especially close to the pylorus. The jejunum is frequently 

 reddened, and circumscribed haemorrhagic centres are often seen. The 

 caecum and colon are generally the seat of more or less ecchymoses. The 

 rectum is generally of a red colour, and when diarrhoea is one of the 

 symptoms, the mucosa is the seat of extensive haemorrhages. The liver is 

 the most affected organ of any in the body, and the condition of it may 

 be said to be diagnostic of Southern fever. It is always enlarged, and 

 in most cases enormously so, records showing it to weigh 20 Ibs., and in 

 one case 27 J Ibs. In colour it is light brick-red, inclining to a dark yellow, 

 almost resembling powdered cinnamon ; on section it was generally fatty 

 and light red coloured ; blood escaped as well as an excess of bile. Under 

 the capsule yellow streaks could be seen, some as large as straws, due to 

 engorgements of the bile-ducts. Microscopical examination of a section 

 of such reveals a condition like artificial injection of the gall capillaries 

 with bile. The gall-bladder was in all cases more or less distended, and 

 in some as large as a urinary bladder ; the record shows it to have weighed 

 4 Ibs. Its walls were hypertrophied and full of gall, sometimes of a dark 

 yellow, and again of a dark green colour, almost black, sometimes slightly 

 inspissated, and again so much so that it resembled boiled starch in consist- 

 ency. The kidneys were usually of a dark brown colour, from the intense 

 congestion ; in some cases they were enlarged, in others not ; there was 

 always more or less parenchymatous degeneration present, and diffuse 

 capillary engorgement. The cortex was softer than usual, and numerous 

 petechiae could be seen throughout its substance. In some cases pus 

 was present in the pelvis, and in others a thin yellow exudate ; the fat 



