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the whole, is a New Testament interpretation 

 of the same principle that led God to pronounce 

 the curse on Adam and Eve, and, through them 

 on their posterity. At present we do not assume 

 to decide upon the nature of the penalty inflicted 

 upon Adam. We simply call attention to the 

 fact that Adam, without the complete knowledge 

 we now have of divine jurisprudence, severed 

 himself and his posterity from God by his first 

 offence— and the friends of the Gospel have 

 never regarded this act of justice as questionable. 



Kant says: " The notion of ill-desert and pun- 

 ishableness, is necessarily implied in the idea of 

 voluntary transgression; and the idea of punish- 

 ment excludes that of happiness in all its forms. 

 In every instance of punishment, properly so 

 called, justice is the very first thing, and consti- 

 tutes the essence of it. All that he (the criminal) 

 deserves is punishment, and that is all that he- 

 can expect from the law which he has trans- 

 gressed." 



The principal modern advocates who claim 

 that punishment is based upon expediency and 

 utility are Beccaria and Bentham. Dr. Shedd 

 tells us that from these writers this theory has- 

 passed considerably into jurisprudence, and Aus- 

 tin, a popular writer on law, follows Bentham. 

 He further states that the theory which founds 

 punishment upon justice, which evidently is the 



