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Scriptural theory, is quite historical, and has for 

 its devotees the following galaxy of worthy 

 names: Plato (Laws X. 904. 005), Cicero (De 

 Legibus 1.14 sg\). Grotius and the great English 

 jurists, Coke Bacon. Selden and Blackstone: also 

 Kant, Herbert, Stahl, Hortenstein, Rothe and 

 Woolsey define punishment as the satisfaction of 

 law and justice. To found the law of punish- 

 ment on any other than the principle of justice 

 is to practically concede its entire uselessness. 

 The theory that punishment is necessary simply 

 as an example, and for the moral improvement 

 of others, is not intelligent. " Suppose that 

 there were but one person in the universe. If he 

 •should transgress the law of God, then, upon the 

 principle of expediency as the ground of penalty 

 this solitary subject of moral government could 

 not be punished — that is, visited with a suffering 

 that is purely retributive, and not exemplary or 

 corrective. His act has not injured the public, 

 for there is no public. There is no need 

 of his suffering as an example to deter 

 others. But upon the principle of justice 

 in distinction from expediency, this solitary 

 subject of moral government could be punished." 

 That this case of Adam is not thus severe, 

 simply as a precedent, warning men to fear God 

 in the future is very evident from the fact that 

 'God has repeated Himself in numerous subse- 



