154 Roaring in Horses. 



upper part, where it meets the right cartilage (Fig. 20, 1). 

 If the last method is resolved on, then with the razor-shaped 

 knife (Fig. 13) a cut is made through the mucous membrane, 

 inter-aryta3noid ligament, and arytaenoid muscle, as close to 

 the margin of the cartilage as possible, beginning between 

 the cartilages of Santorini, downwards and then upwards to 

 the vocal process, at the insertion of the vocal cord (Fig. 

 20, 2). The hook (Fig. 15) is inserted into the vocal process, 

 which is raised, and the vocal cord is separated from the 

 cartilage by scissors ; then, with the bent knife (Fig. 14), 

 the muscles on the outside of the cartilage are cut, or 

 better, pushed from its surface as close as possible. The 

 hook is removed, and the body of the cartilage seized by 

 the rachet forceps (Fig. 16). With the curved scissors 

 (Fig. 17) the mucous membrane connecting the cartilage to 

 the vocal pouch is divided, cutting as close to the cartilage 

 as possible, so as to save the membrane. The arytenoid 

 cartilage is now free, except at its articulation with the 

 cricoid, and by means of the scalpel it may either be dis- 

 articulated or cut through at this point, care being taken 

 to leave no loose portions or shreds. The cartilage being 

 now only retained by the soft parts at the upper portion 

 (base of the arytsenoid cartilage), with scissors these are cut 

 through close to it, when it is altogether detached. 



Care must be taken not to Avound the other cartilages or 

 the pharyngeal mucous membrane, and to spare that mem- 

 brane in proximity to the aryt?enoid cartilage as much as 

 may be, removing only that which covers its surface and the 

 cartilage of Santorini. 



The vocal cord is now removed close to its attachment 

 to the thyroid cartilage in front, and at its fixed border 

 (Fig. 20, 4). This can be done with scissors, a finger being 

 passed to the bottom of the ventricle to facilitate the 

 excision ; or the cord may be drawn from the side by a 

 hook inserted into it, so as to allow the scissors free play. 



If the haemorrhage is troublesome, which it seldom is, 



