COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) Vd5 



clothed with uncinate-tipped prickles: each flower a single pistil, maturing a thick 

 ovoid akeiie, the two permanently enclosed in the iudurutcd prickly involucre. Leaves 

 alternate. 



« # « Ray-llowers ligulate and fertile ; the ligule with very short tube or none, persistent 

 on the akcne and becoming jiaiicry in texture : disk-flowers herniaiihrodil<- and fertile, 

 numerous, subtended or embraced by chaffy bracts ; the corolla cylindniceous : leaves 

 opposite and heads singly terminating the stem or branches. 



•:- Leaves all or mostly entire, sessile : akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them 

 toothed or awued from the summit of the angles or edges, 



31. Zinnia. Invt)UuTe campanulate or cylindraceous : its ch).sely aiipressed-imbricatcd 

 bracts dry and firm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming 

 conical or rylimlraceous : the chafly bracts conduplicate around the disk-fluwers. Lobes 

 of the disk-corolla mostly velvety- villous. Pappus when present of erect awns or 

 chalTy teeth. Rays showy. 



■*- — Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akenes not compre.ssed. 



32. Heliopsis. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts. Receptacle 



from higli-convex to conical: the pointless chaffy bracts partly embracing the disk- 

 flowers. Ligules large : disk-corollas glabrous. Akenes obtusely 4-angular, with 

 broad truncate summit, wholly destitute of pappus. 

 * * ♦ * Ray-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or even wanting, the ligule 

 not persistent : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, subtended and sometimes 

 enwrapped by the chaff: pappus a cup or crown, of teeth or awns from the 2 to 4 

 principal angles, or of a few stout bristles, or none. 



■*- Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least in fruit. 



33. Echinacea. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series: its bracts lanceolate. 



Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle acutely conical : chaffy 

 bracts of the latter persistent, carinate-concave, acuminate into a rigid and spinescent 

 cusp. Ligules rose-colored or rose-purple. Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect 

 teetli and almost no proper tube. Akenes acutely quadrangular, somewhat obpy- 

 ramidal, with a thick coronilorm pappus more or less extended into triangular teeth 

 at the angles. 



34. Ruflbeckia. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri- 



cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical: its 

 chafl'y bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules yellow or jiartly 

 brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest pro])er tul)c. 

 Akenes 4-angled, prismatic. Pappus a coriaceous and often 4-toothed crown, some- 

 times none. 



35. Lepachys. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes 



winged at one or both edges, on a slender-subulate receptacle. Pappus a chafl'y tooth 

 over one or both edges, or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle conduplicate, with 

 thickened and truncate summit, embracing and hardly surjiassing the akenes, at 

 length deciduous with them. Corollas of the disk with hardly aiiy proper tul>e. 

 Ligules, involucre, &c. oi'Rudbeckia. 

 •I- •«- Recei)tacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical : akenes not winged nor 



very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged. 



++ Rays fertile: receptacle flat or merely convex : ray akenes commonly triquetrous or oh- 



compressed : pappus pei-sistent or none. 



36. Balsamorrhiza. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong: of the disk quadmngidar 



ami often with intermediate nerves. Involucre broad : the outer bracts foliaceous, 

 sometimes enlarged. Chart" linear-lanceolate. Tuberous-rooted low herlw. 



37. Wyetliia. Akenes prismatic, largo, 4-angled, or in the riy 3-angled and in the disk 



often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves. Pappus a lacemte chafT^* crown, 

 or cut into nearly distinct scales, commonly produced at one or more of the angles 

 into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campanulate or broader, more or les.s im- 

 bricnted : outer bracts often foliaceous. l.'hart" lanctol;ite or linear. j<nrlly cmbnuMnR 

 the akenes. Thick-rooted ami large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves. 



