A MANUAL OF BOTANY 127 



Reproduction. Examine {Ip) thin sections of the spore- 

 bearing surface and observe that the spores are in long sacs. 

 To what are the sacs attached ? How many spores does a 

 sac contain ? Examine the spores and compare them with 

 the spores of common mushrooms. Make drawinj,^s showing 

 these reproductive structures. 



Lichen features. Find, if you can, these phmts growing. 

 Ui)on what do tliey live? Refer to those forms when you 

 study the lichens and observe the similar reproductive 

 features. 



TvrK 9. A (lE.NEUAL Study of Kusts, Mildews, and 



Smuts 



General statement. A very large variety of material may 

 be preserved during the summer for class use during the 

 colder months. This study ought, however, by all means, 

 to be supplemented by out-of-door observations on these 

 forms of plant life during their active growing season. For 

 class or individual work the rusts of grains, barberry leaves 

 in spring, and the blackberry and may-apple clustercups, 

 should be studied. The lilac mildew, the smut of oats and 

 corn also are easily obtainable and may be preserved dry 

 or as formaldehyde material. 



Features of form and structure. Study such material as is 

 presented, with the naked eye and (??i). Observe the form, 

 color, size, and particular place of growth of each plant. 

 Being without chlorophyll, what class does it belong to? 

 What is its life habit, growing as it does on what living 

 plant ? What proportion of the plant part examined is cov- 

 ered with the growth? Where does the fungus obtain its 

 nourishment? What effect would this have on the host 

 plant ? Make drawings showing the result of your obser- 

 vations. 



Examine preparations Up) and {hp)y and lot)k for any 

 features of mycelium, sporangia, and spores, cliaracteristic of 



