142 



REPRESENTATIVE PLANTS 



4. The several tissues (Ip) to show cell peculiarities. 



5. The upper and lower epidermis of the leaf, with the 



stomates (Ijo or hj)). 



6. Vernation. 



7. Forms of sori (m) (round, long, and marginal). 



8. Sporangia and spores (//)). 



9. Sporophyll. 



10. The gametophyte {IjS). 



11. Fossil ferns. 



12. Several fern species to show leaf variation. 



Fossil Ferris 



Coal. Examine, if possiHe, specimens of fossil fertis and 

 observe their points of resemblance to the ferns of to-day. 

 What is a fossil plant or animal ? Fossil or preserved ferns, 

 with the related horsetails and club mosses, were in part the 

 plants out of which coal was made. Read about this process 

 of coal formation and learn how many steps or stages were 

 necessary from the living ferns and gymnosperms of the 

 ancient swamps to the veins of hard and soft coal as found 

 to-day. (See Coulter, Barnes, and Cowles.) 



Fern table. Make a table of all the ferns you are able to 

 study, using the following form : — 



Name 



Wild ok 

 Culti- 

 vated 



A MOUNT 



OF Leaf 



DlVISION 



Color of 

 Sta lk 



Eemarks 



Description. Write a dear, accurate, and general description 

 of ferns, embodying all the results of your study. 



Fern problems. From all your observations, and from 

 what you have found out by reading, what sort of environ- 



