A MANUAL OF BOTANY 153 



Ty^e 3. Arhor liter ( Wliife Cedar) 



Place of growth. This tree is native of most parts of 

 northeastern United States and is commonly cultivated as 

 an ornamental tree. As *' white cedar," it is universally 

 known in the north as a tine timber and lumber tree, 

 especially in railroad and telegraph construction. 



Leafy spray. Examine a spray and observe the color, 

 odor, and general appearance of the leaves. How do they 

 differ from those of pines and spruces? They are said to 

 be scalelike. How are they arranged on the twig ? Ex- 

 amine (//)) and find the exact shape. 



Cones. Examine the megasporophyll mature cojies. Com- 

 pare them in size, color, and number of scales with those of 

 the pine. Are the cones few or many ? Look at the seeds 

 and observe the features. 



Drawings. Draw a spray, leaves (Ij)), cone, and seed. 



Other work. Read about white cedar, ties, posts, oil of 

 cedar, cedar knees, and arhor vitce in medicine. Also the 

 use of the tree in horticulture, and notice the great number 

 of varieties. What qualities make a wood durable ? Rail- 

 road companies often " doctor " ties. What is'meant by this ? 

 Why are cedar ties and posts better than white oak, particu- 

 larly if they have been treated to prevent decay? Creosote 

 is now in general use for this purpose. 



Type 4. Balsam Fir and Hemlock 



"Where growing. These trees are common in the conifer- 

 ous forests of the north and are occasionally cultivated for 

 ornament. The balsam is infrequently used as a Christmas 

 tree. If possible, examine the standing trees to observe 

 their peculiar characters. 



Spray and leaves. Study small twigs or leafy shoots of 

 each tree. What is the arrangement of the leaves on the 



