A MANUAL OF BOTANY 



155 



they are obtainable. Observe their size and any features 

 similar to those of pines. 



Examine the juniper ' berries" or megasporophyll fruits 

 (hardly possible to call them cones). What color and size 

 do you observe ? Taste them and observe the result. Ex- 

 amine carefully for seeds. What do you find ? 



Drawings. Draw a spray, some leaves (m), microsporo- 

 pliyll cones (m), and the berries. 



Uses. Read about " Juniper " and " Red Cedar " and find 

 out the uses to which they are put. Read the subject " Cedar 

 Apple " and find the connection to a disease of apples. 



Examine red cedar wood and discover its peculiarities. 

 What special uses are made of it ? Why is it so durable ? 

 Where does the red cedar of commerce come from ? 



Addenda 



A table of conifers. Make a table of all the conifers you 

 are able to find by reading or investigating, as follows : 



Name 



CfU'NTKY 



Pkoi)itoin(; 



UsK AND Value 



FOR LUMIJER 



Use in 

 Manufacturing 



Noteworthy 

 Features 



Coniferous forests. Why are coniferous forests largely 

 cold temperate in their distribution ? What habits and 

 structural features of pines and spruces, in particular, fit 

 them for cold snowy regions ? Why are they not destroyed 

 by animals (herbivorous) in winter, when they are the only 

 green things ? What are mixed forests ? What peculiar- 

 ity in this respect do conifers show ? Where are the great 

 coniferous forests of America ? What conifers are found 

 in the southern hemisphere ? What are the agents at work 



