86 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



Much of the disease which occurs in large dairies and elsewhere 

 could be prevented if owners and those in charge of animals had 

 proper regard for the fundamental laws of animal hj'giene and 

 modern sanitation. Disregard for these laws is the cause of most of 

 the diseases under consideration in this chapter. 



Attitude and general condition. — The feeling of pain in animals 

 suffering from serious affections of the organs of respiration is ex- 

 pressed to the close observer in no uncertain language — by their 

 flinching when the painful part is touched; by the care with which 

 they move or lie down; by walking or standing to " favor " the part; 

 by the general attitude and expression of the ej^e ; bj' the distress and 

 suffering apparent in the face; and by other evidences. 



The general physical condition and attitude of the sick animal tell 

 the careful observer much that aids him in making a diagnosis and 

 prognosis. Cows suffering from affections of the organs of respira- 

 tion usually assume a position or attitude that is characteristic, well 

 known to experienced stockmen, as well as to veterinarians. When 

 an animal has a fever or is suffering from an inflammation, the skin 

 is one of the first parts to undergo a change that is apparent to the 

 average observer, for it soon loses its elasticity and tone, and the hair 

 becomes dry and staring. 



From the general condition or state of nutrition one is able to 

 judge the effect that the disease has already had upon the animal and 

 to estimate the strength remaining available for its restoration to 

 health; from the degree of emaciation one can approximate the 

 length of time the animal has been ill. The age and breed of the 

 animal, as well as its constitution and temperament, are among the 

 things that have to be taken into account in making a diagnosis and 

 in overcoming the disease. 



The mucous merribrane. — The mucous membrane should in all cases 

 be examined. It can be readily seen by everting the eyelids or by 

 an inspection of the lining membrane of the nostrils. 



Paleness of the mucous membrane indicates weak circulation or 

 poor blood and may result from disease, hemorrhage, or from in- 

 appropriate feed. 



In healthy animals increased redness of the mucous membrane 

 occurs from pain, excitement, or severe exertion, and in such in- 

 stances is always transitory. In certain pathological conditions, such 

 as fevers and inflammation, this condition of the mucous membrane 

 Avill also be found. The increased redness of the mucous membrane 

 lasts during the duration of the fever or inflanmiation. 



A bluish or blue mucous membrane indicates that the blood is 

 imperfectly oxidized and contains an excess of carbon dioxid, and 

 is seen in serious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia, 

 and in heart failure. 



