DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 123 



accelerated pulse ; dry, hot muzzle ; burning of the roots of the horns 

 and ears ; loss of appetite ; suspended rumination ; and indications of 

 extreme sensitiveness in the loins. The patient stands with back 

 arched and hind legs extended backward and outward, and passes 

 water frequently, in driblets, of a high color and specific gravity, con- 

 taining albumin and microscopic casts. (PI. XI, fig. 5). Wlien made 

 to move, the patient does so with hesitation and groaning, espe- 

 cially if turned in a narrow circle; when pinched on the flank just 

 beneath the lateral bony processes of the loins, especially on that 

 side on which the disease predominates, it flinches and groans. If 

 the examination is made with oiled hand introduced through the 

 last gut (rectum), the pressure upward on the kidneys gives rise to 

 great pain and to efforts to escape by moving away and by active 

 contractions of the rectum for the expulsion of the hand. Some- 

 times there is a distinct swelling over the loins or quarter on one or 

 both sides. In uncastrated males the testicle on the affected side is 

 drawn up, or is alternately raised and dropped. In all there is a 

 liability to tremors of the thigh on the side affected. 



In some seA^ere cases colicky pains are as violent as in the worst 

 forms of indigestion and spasms of the bowels. The animal fre- 

 quently shifts from one hind foot to the other, stamps, kicks at the 

 belly, frequently looks anxiously at its flank, moans plaintively, lies 

 down and quickly gets up again, grinds its teeth, twists its tail, and 

 keeps the back habitually arched and rigid and the hind feet ad- 

 vanced under the belly. The bowels may be costive and the feces 

 glistening with a coat of mucus, or they may be loose and irritable, 

 and the paunch or even the bowels may become distended with gas 

 (bloating) as the result of indigestion and fermentation. In some 

 animals, male and female alike, the rigid, arched condition of the 

 back will give way to such undulating movements as are sometimes 

 seen in the act of coition. 



The disease does not always appear in its full severity ; for a day, 

 or even two, however, there may be merely loss of appetite, impaired 

 rumination, a disposition to remain lying down, yet when the patient 

 is raised it manifests suffering by anxiously looking at the flanks, 

 shifting or stamping of the hind feet, shaking of the tail, and at- 

 tempts to urinate, which are either fruitless or lead to the discharge 

 of a small quantity of high-colored or perhaps bloody urine. 



In some recent slight cases, and in many chronic ones, these symp- 

 toms may be absent or unobserved, and an examination of the urine 

 is necessary to reach a safe conclusion. The urine may contain 

 blood, or it may be cloudy from contained albumin, which coagulates 

 on heating with nitric acid (see "Albuminuria," p. 119) ; it may be 

 slightly glairy from pus, or gritty particles may be detected in it. In 

 seeking for casts of the uriniferous tubes, a drop may be taken with a 



