180 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



ress through the passage of the pelvis impossible. In my experience 

 with large, fleshy tumors of the abdomen, I have cut open the chest, 

 removed the lungs and heart, cut through the diaphragm with the 

 knife, and removed the timior piecemeal by alternate tearing and 

 cutting until the volume of the body was sufficiently reduced to pass 

 through. Where this failed it would remain to cut off the anterior 

 part of the body, removing as much of the chest as possible, and cut- 

 ting freely through the diaphragm; then, pushing back the remainder 

 of the body, the hind limbs may be seized and brought into the pas- 

 sages and the residue thus extracted. The tumor, unless very large, 

 will get displaced backward so as not to prove an insuperable obstacle. 

 In many cases the apparent tumor is a blighted ovum which has 

 failed to develop, but has grafted itself on its more fortunate twin 

 and from it has drawn its nourishment. These are usually sacs con- 

 taining hair, skin, muscle, bone, or other natural tissues, and only 

 exceptionally do they show the distinct outline of the animal. 



MONSTROSITY IN THE CALF. 



As a monstrous development in the calf may hinder calving, it is 

 well to consider shortly the different directions in which these devi- 

 ations from the natural form appear. Their origin and significance 

 will be rendered clearer if Ave divide them according to the fault of 

 development in individual cases. Monsters are such — 



(1) From absence of parts — absence of head, limb, or other or- 

 gan — arrested development. 



(2) From some organ being unnaturally small, as a dwarfed head, 

 limb, trunk, etc. — arrested development. 



(3) From unnatural division of parts — cleft lips, palate, head, 

 trunk, limbs, etc. — abnormal growth. 



(4) From the absence of natural divisions — absence of mouth, nose, 

 eye, anus ; the cloven foot of ox or pig becomes solid, like that of the 

 horse, etc. — confluence of parts which are rightfully separate. 



(5) From the fusion of parts — both eyes replaced by central one, 

 both nostrils merged into one central opening, etc. — confluence of 

 parts. 



(6) From unnatural position or form of parts — curved nose, neck, 

 back, limbs, etc. — lack of balance in the growth of muscles during 

 development. 



(7) From excessive growth of one or more organs — ^enormous size 

 of head, double penis, superfluous digits, etc. — redundancy of growth 

 at given points. 



(8) From imperfect differentiation of the sexual organs — her- 

 maphordites (organs intermediate betAveen nuile and female), male 

 organs with certain feminine characters, female organs with certain 

 well-marked male characters. 



