210 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



Plate XVII. Abnormal positions of calf in utero — Continued. 



Fig. 5. Sterno-abdominal presentation. Tlie fetus is on its side with limbs 

 crossing and presenting. The limbs least eligible for extraction should 

 be forced back into the uterus. 



Fig. 6. Dorso-lunibar presentation ; the back presenting. The fetus must 

 be turned so that one or the other extremity can enter the passage. 

 Plate XVIII. Abnormal positions of the calf in utero. Surgical instruments 

 ' and sutures. 



Fig. 1. Twin pregnancy, showing the normal anterior and posterior presenta- 

 tions. (From Fleming.) 



Fig. 2. Abdominal dropsy of the fetus ; normal presentation ; fore limbs 

 corded. (After Armatage.) The drawing illustrates the method of 

 puncturing the abdomen through the cliest with a long trocar and 

 cannula. The fluid is represented escaping from the cannula after the 

 withdrawal of the trocar. 



Fig. 3. Tallich's short, bent, crotchet forceps. The forceps have bent and 

 toothed jaws, which are intended to take hold of the fetus where 

 neither cords nor hooks can be applied, as the ear, nose, or skin of 

 cheek. 



Fig. 4. Clamp for ear, skin, etc. : 1-1, blades with hooks and corresponding 

 holes ; 2, ring to close the blades ; 3, stem with female screw for handle ; 

 4 handle, which may be either straight or jointed and flexible. 

 Plate XIX. Monstrosities. This plate illustrates various malformations and 

 diseases of the fetus which act as the cause of difficult parturition. 



Figs. 1, 2, 3. Fetuses with portions of their bodies double. Fig. 1 (from 

 Fleming), double head, neck, and fore limbs. Fig. 2 (from Encyclop. 

 der Gesam. Thierheilkunde, 1886), double head, neck, fore limbs, and 

 body. Fig. 3 (from Fleming), double faced. 



Fig. 4. Fetus with head very much enlarged. (From Fleming.) This 

 affection is known as hydrocephalus, or dropsy of the brain, and is due 

 to a more or less considerable quantity of fluid in the cranial cavity 

 of the fetus. 



Fig. 5. Skull of the calf represented in Fig. 4. The roof of the skull is 

 absent. (From Fleming.) 

 Plate XX. Instruments used in difficult labor. 



Fig. 1. Long embryotome with joint. 



Fig. 2. Long sharp liook. This instrument is about 3 feet in length, includ- 

 ing the handle. Hooks of this kind, both blunt and sharp, are applied 

 directly to the fetus to assist in delivery. 



Fig. 3. Giinther's long-handled embryotome. This instrument and that rep- 

 resented in Fig. 1 are of special value in cutting through muscular 

 tissue and in separating the limbs from the trunk when the fetus can 

 not be removed entire. These embryotomes are usually 30 inches long, 

 but may be made either longer or .shorter. 



Fig. 4. Jointed cord-carrier, used in difficult parturition to carry a cord into 

 regions which can not be reached by the ai-m. 



Fig. 5. Instrument used to rotate or turn the fetus, known as a rotator. 



Fig. 6. Dilator of the neck of the womb, used when conception can not take 

 place owing to a contracted condition of the neck of the womb. 



Fig. 7. Repeller. An instrument from 2 to 3 feet long, used to force the 

 fetus forward into the womb. This operation is generally necessary 

 when the presentation is abnormal and the fetus has advanced too far 

 into the narrow inlet to the uterus to be moved. 



