DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 259 



following: Calomel, 10 grains; prepared chalk, 1 ounce; creosote, 1 

 teaspoonf ul ; mix, divide into 10 parts, and give one four times a day. 

 Or the following may be given four times a day : One dram Dover's 

 powder, 6 grains powdered ipecacuanha ; mix, divide into 10 equal 

 parts. Injections of solutions of gum arable are often useful, and if 

 the anus is red and excoriated, one-half dram of copperas may be 

 added to each pint of the gummy solution. All the milk given must 

 be boiled, and if that does not agree, eggs made into an emulsion 

 with barley water may be substituted. Small doses (tablespoonful) 

 of port wine are often useful from the first, and as the feces lose 

 their watery character and become more consistent, tincture of gen- 

 tian in doses of 2 teaspoonfuls may be given three or four times a 

 day. Counterirritants, such as mustard, ammonia, or oil of turpen- 

 tine, may be rubbed on the abdomen when it becomes tender to the 

 touch. 



ACUTE CONTAGIOUS SCOURING IN THE NEWBORN. 



The most violent and deadly form of diarrhea in the newborn calf 

 deserves a special mention. This may appear immediately after 

 birth, and shows itself almost invariably within the first or second 

 day. The most intense symptoms of white scour are complicated by 

 great dullness, weakness, and prostration, sunken eyes, retracted 

 belly, short, hurried breathing, and very low temperature, the calf 

 lying on its side, with the head resting on the ground, lethargic and 

 unconscious or regardless of all around it. The bowel discharges 

 are profuse, yellowish white, and very ojffensive. As a rule death 

 ensues within 24 to 36 hours. 



A marked characteristic of this form of illness is that it attacks 

 almost every calf born in the herd, or in the building, rather, and if 

 the calf escapes an attack in the first two or three days of its life it 

 usually survives. Those that recover from an attack, however, are 

 liable one or tw^o weeks later to suffer from an infective inflammation 

 of the lungs. The infection clings to a stable for years, in many 

 cases rendering it impossible to preserve and raise the calves. It 

 has frequently coincided with abortions and failures to conceive in 

 the same herd, so that it has been thought that the same infective 

 germ produces one type of abortion. On the other hand, the removal 

 of the calving cow from the herd to calve in a separate building, 

 hitherto unused and therefore uninfected, usually effects the escape 

 and survival of the offspring. 



The disease has been traced by Nocard and Lignieres to a small 

 bacillus having the general characters of those that produce hemor- 

 rhagic septicemia, which is usually combined with a variety of 

 others, but is in some cases alone and in pure culture, especially in 



