528 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



The position on all fours is preferred by some authorities, who be- 

 lieve that more of the remedy is likely to reach the fourth stomach 

 when the animal is dosed standing than when dosed in other posi- 

 tions. 



Great care should be used in dosing to prevent the entrance of the 

 liquid into the lungs, and in the preparation and administration of the 

 remedy to avoid getting the solution too strong or the dose too large. 



Bluestone, or copper sulphate, has been extensively used in South 

 Africa in the treatment of sheep and cattle for stomach worms and 

 is recommended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Col- 

 ony as the best and safest remedy. To prepare the solution take 1 

 pound (avoirdupois) of pure bluestone, powder it fine and dissolve 

 in 9 J gallons of warm water. It is better first to dissolve the blue- 

 stone in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling water, then add the remaining quan- 

 tity of cold water, and mix thoroughly. This solution may be given 

 to cattle in the following-sized doses : 



Calves 3i to 4 ounces. 



Yearlings 6 ounces. 



Two-year-olds and over 12 to 16 ounces. 



The doses for sheep are as follows : 



Lambs 3 months old I ounce. 



Lambs 6 months old li ounces. 



Sheep 12 months old 2i ounces. 



Sheep 18 months old 3 ounces. 



Sheep 24 months old 3* ounces. 



In making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone 

 ithould be used. Bluestone with white patches or crusts should be 



, , rejected. It is especially important 



^ ^ ' ^O p. (3^ that the bluestone and water be accu- 



"}'(? ^ Q ^Q %®* ^ ' rately weighed and measured, and 



''^ n ' ^ '^'^^ > ^^^^^ *^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^® ^^^^ ^® graduated 



^^ ^^ ^^0^3;^^^^"' according to the age of the animal. 



-® 0^L ^ ^o% Q- The special value of medicated salts 



» ^a^Q ^ tD ^ 0: advertised under various trade names 



^^ '^ C^>^^^ n\^ ^ ^^ preventives against Avorms is prob- 



Q^Q c5®^-&^^ o'^<D (9 lematical. Commonly they contain 



* u KT'^ ^^■'.(y.: little else than ordinary salt, the other 



I K. 22 —Piece of hning of fourth g^bstances being in such small quan- 



stom ich showins cvsts of the en- ,i . ,i • ,i ,- ir j. • 



cystod stomach worm (Ostertagia tity that their therapeutic eiiect is 

 ostcrtaai). practically negligible. Definite evi- 



dence that they are more efficacious than plain salt is not yet avail- 

 able and their use is not recommended. 



THE ENCYSTED STOMACH WORM (OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI). 



This parasite is as thick as a fine hair and less than half an inch in 

 length. It lives in small cysts in the Avail of the fourth stomach 

 (fig. 22) and is also found free in the cavity of the stomach. When 



