16 

 In seeking to establish their legitimate separate purposes by 

 disassociating themselves from the government universities, the new tech- 

 nological research institutes found it necessary to enter into counter- 

 alliances with undustry, the government and, in some cases, with agencies of 

 a foreign government on which they depended for support. The consequences 

 of this move were mixed. Short of conditions of war, direct government action 

 unmoderated by an existing scientific ethos is perhaps the least effective 

 method of achieving the conditions of science. Where the new entity depended 

 for support on a foreign government, it came to be viewed as a pariah and 

 lost its capacity to attract the talent it needed from the intellectual 

 communities both at home and in the nation with which it was allied. Where 

 it turned to industry it gained the required access to current practice, 

 but an entity whose function it is to define the shape of things to come 

 also needs shelter from current practice if it is to generate the flow of 

 technological finding which will redefine and upgrade the techniques which 

 the practitioner currently is employing. 



The relationship between the intellectual and the practitioner 

 in the underdeveloped world can best be described as one of unfortunate po- 

 larization, and the young research institutes now found themselves caught 

 in a crossfire not of their own making. They had escaped the domination of 

 academia to find themselves confronted with the possibility of domination 

 by industrial practice with which it was at war. In the advanced nations, 

 both the universities and the production organizations have learned to live 

 with a largely autonomous research function which in a sense provides them 

 a common meeting ground and manner of discourse. Not so in the underdeveloped 

 world. The research institute's alliance with industry and the practicing 



