5 

 it now possible for the technological researcher from the advanced sector 

 to establish such linkage without career damage? Or - more powerful still - 

 is it possible that the technological specialist without such linkage may 

 soon find himself professionally disadvantaged? 



II 



The advanced nations long ago concluded that success in keeping 

 pace was a function of their ability to fashion institutional forms capable 

 of generating and applying technological innovation. In our own case, Robert 

 Solow has estimated that capital input and increased labor productivity, taken 

 together, account for no more than 20 percent of the growth in the U.S. 

 economy during the first half of the century. The balance must be attributed 

 to research-generated, technological innovation. The modern world had passed 

 the point where additional inputs of energy produced equivalent outputs of 

 economic advance. Inputs of new knowledge are another matter. Scientific 

 research turns up leads. Some are used, others are not: it is the net 

 impact that counts. Product changes make the product cheaper or longer 

 lasting, releasing resources for alternative consumption or saving. Improved 

 production techniques result in a net saving in the factors of production 

 including materials. Resources are released for other purposes: and the 

 growth processes compound themselves. 



The genesis of organizational forms such as those required to house 

 scientific research is beginning to get some theoretical attention. It has 

 been pointed out, for instance, that there has been over time an evolution 

 in organizational form almost Darwinian in character. History has generated 

 tasks requiring revised organizational forms, but these new tasks have been 

 entertained only as and when there existed elements out of which the new 



