4 



has to do with the category of science undertaken. It has been noted, for 

 instance, that the culture-free sciences - physics is a good example - generate 

 the least resistance to their foreign replication. Unfortunately, they are 

 also the sciences whose partisans are least attracted to duty in the under- 

 developed sector. The social sciences, on the other hand, generate the most 

 domestic resistance to foreign participation, and are the areas that have 

 historically proven most attractive to visiting scientists. In the middle 

 of the spectrum are the technologically-oriented sciences bridging both in- 

 stitutional and basic concerns. Here the risks may be more manageable and 

 the basis for a bi-national activity stronger, a possibility which is only 

 beginning to be noted by the technological specialists from the advanced sec- 

 tor who have hitherto absented themselves from activity in the underdeveloped 

 world. It is to this middle area of a broader undertaking that this commen- 

 tary directs itself. 



Our task in the pages that follow will be to consider the institu- 

 tionalization of technological science at underdeveloped sites with the 

 appropriate level of readiness and raise the question of how a critical 

 size with the characteristic of irreversibility may be achieved. In under- 

 taking this review, we must first inquire into the nature of the critical- 

 size, science-producing entity in the advanced sector and ask how it achieved 

 irreversibility. Next we must consider the fate of similar attempts in the 

 underdeveloped world and speculate on what additional inputs are required 

 to bring these efforts to fruition. One obvious missing ingredient is effec- 

 tive linkage with the international science community. Technological scien- 

 tists in the advanced sector have not historically been eager to establish 

 such linkage because they have not expected to encounter in the underdeveloped 

 world authentic scientific activity or the means by which it might be rapidly 

 established. We must ask: Are these exclusionary premises still valid? Is 



