PRUNING AND TRAINING. 133 



used for the purpose ; if so, it may be done, and it will do 

 equally well, only it will not appear quite so systematical. 

 Fig. 43 shows a spur produced upon a shoot grown from 

 an under-side bud. 



Each one of these upright canes will, if permitted, usually 

 produce three or four bunches of fruit, and if the vine is 

 very strong and vigorous, it will not injure it to do so. 

 But unless it is very strong, it is better to cut off a portion 

 and leave only one or two bunches to each cane. It is 

 better not to overload the vine while young, as it will often 

 seriously injure its future growth. 



When the upright canes have grown to about two feet 

 they should be stopped by pinching off their ends. I usu- 

 ally pinch off the end of the shoot so soon as it has made 

 two leaves beyond the last bunch of fruit, which will be 

 when the cane has from five to eight leaves upon it. But 

 we can not expect to be exact, especially when there is a 

 large number of vines to go over. Besides, one cane may 

 grow more rapidly than another, and will need pinching 

 sooner. Pinching will cause the remaining leaves to ex- 

 pand and become large, thick, and firm, and much better 

 fitted to withstand the atmospheric changes than they 

 would otherwise be. The shoots, after being stopped, will 

 soon start, and after growing a few inches they should be 

 checked again, as we wish to keep them within the limits 

 of the trellis, and not allow them to grow much, if any, 

 above it. All the laterals on the canes should be stopped 

 as though they were on young vines. Fig. 44 represents a 

 vine at the end of the first season after the arms are formed. 

 The first upright cane at the left hand of the center shows 

 the position of the three bunches of fruit. Upon this vine 

 there are twelve upright canes, six upon each side, which 

 are distributed on two arms of about four feet each ; it is 

 not expected that the arms will be of an exact length, but 

 they need not usually vary more than three or four inches. 

 Nor do we expect to have the upright canes exactly the 



