DUAL-PURPOSE CATTLE 97 



is no provision made for making official tests or recording 

 dairy records of this breed. The Dairy Shorthorn Breeders' 

 Association was organized in 1910. 



RED POLLS 



This breed originated in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, 

 England. These are adjoining counties in the eastern part of 

 England. They are low and flat, with some marsh land. 

 The soil is naturally diversified, although rather poor, but has 

 been brought to a high state of fertility by good management. 

 About 80 per cent of the area is tillable. The climate is gener- 

 ally typical of England, although the rainfall, which averages 

 twenty-six inches per year, is less thari the average for England. 



The origin of this breed, like that of most others, is uncer- 

 tain. It seems, from the best information obtainable, that 

 they have been bred up from the cattle which have been na- 

 tive to these two counties since a time farther back than ac- 

 curate historical records go. The beginning of improvement 

 began in the latter part of the eighteenth century as part of 

 the widespread movement of that time for improved livestock. 



Mr. Euren, the first Secretary of the Red Polled Herd 

 Book, is of the opinion that the original cattle of this type were 

 brought to England by the Danes who settled in this part of 

 England in the fifth century. He does not believe there is any 

 foundation for the statement often made by writers that Gal- 

 loway blood was introduced from Scotland by bringing Gallo- 

 way bulls. However, Youatt, the well-known early English 

 writer on cattle, and Wallace, a recent writer, attribute 

 the improvement largely to this source. 



In 1804 Young wrote an account of the agricultural con- 

 ditions in Norfolk and Suffolk, in which he describes the cattle 



