of securing the greatest yield of wood for the smallest outlay 

 of money. In Sweden, both in theory and practice, the main 

 object sought in cutting seems to be to obtain the maximum 

 yield of wood compatible with the least injury to the standing 

 forests. There is all the difference between scientific and un- 

 scientific forestry in the two principles. The first consideration 

 given to logging in Sweden is how to cut in such a manner as 

 to insure an increased growth to the remaining forest. With 

 the exception of the "strip-cutting" method, above referred 

 to, and which is by no means universally employed, there is 

 little or no clean-cutting. Trees are taken out by selection, 

 either because they have reached their maximum growth and 

 consequent yield or to ensure a better opportunity to those 

 left standing by increased space, ventilation and sunshine. 

 Birch is usually employed to afford protection to the growing 

 pine and spruce. Attention is given to crop rotation. The 

 soil is studied as to its fitness for the species to be grown on it. 

 Drainage is resorted to wherever necessary. Where clean- 

 cutting is indulged in it is made in selected spots and these 

 spots are replanted or seeded with the least possible delay. 



In every direction the forests show the effect of the good 

 care they receive. Barren spots are very scarce. There is very 

 little underbrush to obstruct the view or make travel difficult 

 through the forests. Most of the forests present an appearance 

 approaching that of cultivated park areas. Large groups of 

 trees, especially pines and spruces, grow uniformly in height 

 and girth. There are few crooked, stunted or dwarfed growths, 

 defective trees being the first to yield to the woodman's axe. 

 After a thinning the minor branches are left on the ground to 

 afford protection to the seedlings and contribute to the fer- 

 tility of the soil, but debris-strewn forests are unknown. 



To sum up, it may be said that while intensive forestry in 

 Sweden may not have reached the degree of development 

 attained in Germany or in France it is beyond criticism in 

 its employment of those methods of cutting best designed to 

 obtain the greatest possible yield of timber and at the same 

 time to facilitate as much as possible the best natural re- 

 production, and that in accommodating the adaptability of 

 the species employed to the varying conditions of the country, 

 in efficient fire protection, in counteracting the influences of 



