respective districts. They are also subsidized by the national 

 and the provincial governments and derive additional revenue 

 from the sale of seeds and plants. They serve to obviate some 

 of the objections which the owners of the private forests 

 might otherwise offer to interference with their undeniable 

 private property rights in their forest holdings. 



In 1918 it was found necessary to pass a stringent general 

 law forbidding the cutting of young growing forests unless 

 and until it was shown that such cutting was essential to their 

 improvement. Exception was made in the case of land des- 

 tined for agricultural purposes, pastures, building sites, etc. 

 In enforcing this law the commissions are empowered to fine 

 disobedient owners, to confiscate wood illegally cut and to 

 prohibit absolutely for stipulated periods any further cutting 

 on the areas involved. In such cases the owners have the 

 right of appeal to the courts. This law is the result of exces- 

 sive cutting during the recent war period when the demand 

 for lumber and its price were both abnormal. 



Laws fixing a minimum diameter limit for cutting, such 

 as prevail in Canada, have been applied from time to time in 

 several of the provinces. They have usually proven unsatis- 

 factory and are not regarded as having contributed to the 

 general improvement of the forests. 



Speaking generally, it may be said that the State's efforts 

 are directed principally to securing a greater volume of re- 

 production. The private owners, while not neglecting this 

 important feature, are said to give more of their attention to 

 improved logging operations and to forest upkeep. No new 

 laws are enacted for the control of the forests until there has 

 been full and free deliberation between the governmental 

 authorities and the private owners. New laws and regula- 

 tions are usually the result of mutual agreement. 



The Swedish public forests are managed by the Swedish 

 Forest Service, operated as part of the national Department 

 of Agriculture. The Service is governed by a director general 

 and six assistant directors, with district foresters, assistant 

 foresters, forest engineers, etc., for each of the several dis- 

 tricts into which the public forests are divided. The Service 

 is organized on semi-military lines. It has a distinctive uni- 

 form and a very pronounced esprit-de-corps. Its personnel 

 includes young men of high social standing to whom the 



