152 ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 



is well accomplished with a sharp knife, cutting a broad V notch 

 from the center to the circumference. 



Miscellaneous Instruments used by the forester. For 

 marking logs, blazing trees, cutting away limbs, etc., a hand 

 ax is a desirable addition to the equipment. It should be small, 

 so as to be conveniently carried in the pocket or in the belt, and 

 should have a leather guard to protect the edge when not in use. 

 As saws and axes will not keep sharp long, if used, a grindstone, 

 whetstones, files and saw sets should be provided. In calipering 

 trees on a small area across which it is necessary to make sev- 

 eral trips, the surveyor, avoids repetitions by marking the bark 

 of each tree, as he calipers it, with a metal scratcher carried in 

 one hand. Sometimes a pair of climbers are used to get into the 

 top of a tree for the purpose of measuring upper limbs and diam- 

 eters. The number of feet board measure in logs is ascertained 

 by means of the ordinary log rule, Minnesota standard, used by 

 sealers, and a board rule measures the lumber as it comes from 

 the sawmill. 



A Camping Outfit is necessary where the work of the for- 

 ester is done in the depths of the forest, far from habitations and 

 railroads, and perhaps a wagon and a team of horses or pack 

 horses should be provided for moving camp and hauling sup- 

 plies. If the area to be worked over is great, the chief of the 

 party should have a good saddle horse, so that he may get over 

 the country quickly, and lay out work for his subordinates who 

 operate on foot. 



