224 TREES OF MINNESOTA. 



Uses. The Norway Spruce has been largely planted in the 

 more Eastern States, and is a general favorite, as it grows more 

 rapidly than any of our native spruces and is very graceful and 

 stately in form. There are many plantings of this tree in Minne- 

 sota, and they are holding on well; yet the White Spruce is a 

 safer tree for general planting, and generally grows nearly as 

 fast. Since it is more difficult to obtain the seed of the White 

 Spruce, it is probable that the Norway Spruce will continue to 

 be planted. The wood of Norway Spruce is much used in 

 Europe, and is largely grown there for paper pulp, fuel and tim- 

 ber. The young branches are used in making the essence of 

 spruce, as described under Black Spruce. The bark is used to a 

 considerable extent in Europe for tanning purposes. 



Genus TSUGA. 

 A genus of but a single species in our section. 



Tsuga canadensis. Hemlock. 



Leaves linear, flat, one-half inch long, obtuse, whitened beneath, 

 short petioled and diverging from the sides of the branchlet so 

 as to make it appear flattened, falling during second and third 

 years. Cones small, scarcely longer than the leaves, pendent 

 from the tips of the branches of the preceding year, persistent, 

 with inconspicuous bracts; seeds quite small, with thin wings, 

 maturing the first year. A large, graceful tree. There are sev- 

 eral horticultural varieties in cultivation. 



Distribution. From Nova Scotia west to Minnesota, south as 

 far as Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama. Scarcely 

 found in Minnesota, though common near its eastern borders, in 

 Wisconsin. A few specimens are said to have been found near 

 Cloquet, and perhaps occasionally elsewhere near the eastern 

 boundary. 



Propagation. The species by seeds and the varieties by graft- 

 ing on the species. 



Properties of Wood. Light, soft, brittle, coarse grained and 

 not very easily worked; color, very light red or brown, with still 

 lighter colored sapwood. Specific gravity, 0.4239; weight of a 

 cubic foot, 26.42 pounds. 



