ELM. 301 



not corky. Flower? appear in April, in dense clusters, with 

 slender drooping pedicels. Fruit ripe in May, smooth except 

 the edges, which are hairy, with incurved sharp points at the 

 apex. A large common tree, sometimes 120 feet high and six 

 feet or more in diameter. This tree varies greatly in habit; 

 some specimens may be quite upright in growth while others 

 are very pendulous. One having the drooping habit, that was 

 found in Illinois, is now offered by nurserymen. 



Distribution. From Newfoundland and along the northern 

 shores of Lake " Superior to the eastern base of Rocky Moun- 

 tains, south to Florida and Texas and west in the United States 

 to the Black Hills of Dakota and western Kansas. In Minne- 

 sota common throughout the state. 



Propagation. Described under genus Ulmus. The seeds can 

 often be swept up on roadways and pavements in large quan- 

 tities. 



Properties of wood. Very tough in young trees, light and 

 moderately strong in old, difficult to split and rather coarse 

 grained; color light brown, with lighter colored sapwood. 

 Specific gravity 0.6506; weight of a cubic foot 40.55 pounds. 



Uses. The White Elm has always been the favorite shade 

 and ornamental tree in the Northern States, and is the best 

 street and park tree for general planting in this section. It 

 is also one of the hardiest trees for prairie planting, and will 

 perhaps withstand as great extremes of temperature and moist- 

 ure as any of our shade trees. It is a rapid and often strag- 

 gling grower, and should have a little attention in the way of 

 pruning when young to keep it in its best form. The wood 

 is largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, 

 for hubs of wagon wheels, for saddletrees, for flooring, in coop- 

 erage, for flour and meal barrels, cheese boxes, etc. The bark 

 was used by the Indians when they could not procure birch 

 bark in making their canoes 'and houses.. In some parts of 

 this country the tough inner bark was formerly twisted into 

 ropes. 



Ulmus racemosa. Cork Elm. Rock Elm. 



Leaves ovate-oblong or obovate, taper-pointed, smooth 

 above, pubescent beneath, resembling those of the White Elm, 

 but less sharply serrate. Twigs and bud scales pubescent; 



