THE HUMAN SPECIES. 279 



it certainly embraced, "beside Toorkees, vast legions of 

 Kalmucks, Kirguise, and Bashkirs, who, in the career 

 of victory under Attila, spread, till in the subsequent 

 dissolution of that power, they could never again re- 

 unite to preserve independence ; for, when at a later 

 date, fresh waves, entirely composed of the Hyperbo- 

 rean stock, swept them again in the career of desola- 

 tion to the west, Nogais, Usbeks, and Kalmucks, still 

 more dislocated, settled further on to the Crimea ; from 

 whence, however, the forgot Kalmucks, by a noble effort 

 to retain their nationality, suddenly departed in the 

 last century, and retracing the steps of their ancestors, 

 moved eastward in a vast column, fighting their way 

 through all opposition, till they reached the Chinese 

 frontier in safety. The western direction of the Hy- 

 perborean conquests were more particularly marked in 

 the reign of Genghiz Khan, in the twelfth and thir- 

 teenth centuries ; of Timur Leng, in the fourteenth ; 

 and Nadir Shah, in the seventeenth: during which 

 period, or rather from the time of Boleslas the Chaste 

 (1227), to that of Stanislaus Augustus, a Polish writer 

 enumerates, with some exaggeration, not less than 

 ninety-one invasions of Poland coming from the east. 

 Strange, however, as it may appear, not one of the 

 foregoing conquerors were themselves pure Mongols ; 

 but by connection they all possessed a portion of Cau- 

 casian blood, through Finnic, Yuchi, or Turkish 

 alliances. 



On the north side of the great wall of China, tho 

 terms Kuthais and Kara Kuthais are not clearly desig- 



