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THE BRITISH NATURE BOOK 



or knobs, but are variously formed, and should be specially noted, as the shape 

 and character of the antennae form an important item in classification. 

 The following sketch gives the principal forms of the antennas : 



clavate capitate 



setiform 



filiform 



ciliated doubly ciliated dentated 



serrated 



lamellated 



monoliform 

 Some antennae of moths. 



tufted 



bipectinated 



It will be noted that some of the antennas are bare and others hairy ; and 

 the hairs may be long, short, or in tufts. 



The wings of both butterflies and moths are composed of a strong membrane 

 spread over a frame of ribs, or nervures, as the material of an umbrella is spread 



Base 



Subraarginai line 

 Stigma 



angle 

 B, basal area ; C, central area ; M, marginal area. 



over the wires ; and the plan or map of these nervures is of great importance, 

 as it enables the whole wing to be mapped out and any portion of it defined. 

 In describing accurately the markings of a moth, a knowledge of this plan of 

 the wing is essential. 



