WOODS AND COPSES 



45 



upper 3- or 5-lobed, palmate. The flowers are 

 pale-rose or white. The flower-stalks are in the 

 axils, i-flowered, longer than the leaves. The 

 sepals are lance-shaped and hairy. The carpels j 

 are smooth. The carpels are i-seeded, in a whorl, 

 indehiscent. The plant is 6-18 in. in height. It 

 flowers from June to August. The plant is a 

 herbaceous annual. 



ORDER TILIACE^E 



Linden (Tilia parvifolia, Ehrh. = ulmifolia, 

 Scop. = cordata, Mill.). The habitat of this tree 

 is woods. It has the tree habit, with smooth bark, 

 and drooping branches. The twigs, &c., are 

 smooth, the leaves small, bluish-white, downy in ! 

 the axils of the nerves below, egg-shaped, heart- 

 shaped, with a long point, finely toothed, smooth 

 below, leathery, thick, opaque above, little longer , 

 than the leaf-stalks. The flowers are in cymes, ! 

 with 5 sepals, and 5 petals, valvate in bud. The 

 flowers are yellowish-green, and sweet-scented. 

 The fruit is downy, round or ellipsoid, angular, 

 ribbed, thin, brittle. The stigma lobes spread at 

 length. The height is 50-60 ft. The flowers are 

 met with in July and August. The tree is de- 

 ciduous. 



Broad-leaved Lime (Tilia platypliyllos, Scop. 

 = grandiflora, Ehrh.). This species of lime is an 

 alien and rare, found in old rocky woods. The 

 twigs are downy. It has the tree habit. The 

 leaves are large, downy below, with simple hairs, 

 obliquely heart-shaped below, with woolly tufts in j 

 the axils of the veins, thin, membranous, bright 

 transparent green, longer than the leaf-stalks, j 

 The flowers are in threes. The ripe fruit is in- j 

 versely egg-shaped or round, with 3-5 prominent 

 ribs, downy, the angles woody, downy. The tree 

 is 70-90 ft. in height. It is in flower in June and 

 July, and is a deciduous tree. 



ORDER GERANIACE^ 



Wood Geranium (Geranium sylvaticum, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is woods, thickets, in the 

 north, moist meadows, mountain districts in 

 North Britain. The habit is erect. The stem is 

 branched above, erect, downy and glandular 

 above, the radical leaves long-stalked, the stem- 

 leaves stalkless, shield-shaped, with deep lobes, 

 toothed and cut. The flowers are blue-purple, in 

 a cyme, the petals notched, the sepals awned, the 

 flower-stalks 2-i-flowered, erect, the anther-stalks 

 thread-like, fringed with hairs. The fruit-stalk is 

 erect, the seeds netted. The plant is 1-2 ft. in 

 height, and flowers from June to August, being a 

 herbaceous perennial. 



Dusky Crane's Bill (Geranium phaum, L.). 

 This plant is found in plantations, thickets, 

 woods, near parks and gardens. The habit is 

 erect, the stems numerous, loosely hairy, and glan- 

 dular above, the rootstock blunt. The leaves are 

 rounded and 3-y-lobed, the lobes acute, toothed, 

 cut, the radical leaves long-stalked, the stipules 

 lance-shaped. The flowers are purplish-brown 



or black, rarely white, on 2-flowered flower-stalks, 

 the petals wedge-shaped, bent back, rounded, 

 wavy, longer than the sepals, oblong, shortly 

 awned. The carpels are hairy below, transversely 

 wrinkled above, the seeds smooth with pinholes, 

 and ribbed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, and flowers 

 in May and June, being a herbaceous perennial, 

 growing from a root with long fibres borne on 

 a short, thick, underground stem. 



Long-stalked Crane's Bill (Geranium colum- 

 bimim, L.). The habitat of this plant is dry 

 copses and pastures, calcareous places. The 

 habit is prostrate. The stem is hairless or has 

 turned-back hairs, much-branched, slender. The 

 leaves are broad, on long stalks, with 5-7 lobes, 

 narrow, irregular, divided nearly to the base. 

 The stipules are ovate, lance-shaped. The flowers 

 are rose-colour, with entire, inversely egg-shaped 

 petals, notched, few, the claws fringed with hairs, 

 on long slender flower-stalks, 2-flowered, longer 

 than the leaves. The sepals are awned, spreading, 

 as long as the petals, the calyx angular. The 

 carpels have a few scattered hairs and are not 

 wrinkled, smooth, keeled, the seeds pitted. The 

 plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from June to 

 August, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER RHAMNACE;E 



Buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is hedges, thickets, woods, 

 chiefly on chalk. The plant has the shrub habit. 

 The plant is rigid, much-branched, with black 

 bark. The branches are opposite and spinous. 

 The leaves are grouped at the end of the shoots, 

 egg-shaped, round, oval, coarsely toothed, the 

 serratures curved, glandular, with spreading 

 nerves, shortly-stalked. The thorns are terminal. 

 The young leaves are downy below. The leaf- 

 stalks are longer than the awl-like deciduous or 

 falling stipules. The flowers are yellowish-green, 

 solitary or grouped in the axils of the leaves on 

 previous year's wood, the calyx of the male flower 

 bell-shaped, of the female cupular, with acute 

 sepals. The flowers have the parts in fours. The 

 plant is dioecious, but each has rudimentary male 

 or female flowers respectively. There are four 

 forms: long-styled male, short-styled male, long- 

 styled female, short-styled female. The styles 

 are 4- or 2-5-lobed, four united half-way up. The 

 flowers are sweet-scented. The drupe is rounded, 

 black, with four stones, which are inversely egg- 

 shaped, grooved on the back. The seeds are 

 notched. The plant is 5-10 ft. high, flowering 

 from May to July, and is a deciduous shrub. 



ORDER ACERACE^E 



Common Maple (Acer campestre, L.). The 

 habitat of this tree is thickets and hedgerows, 

 woods and hedges. The habit is the tree habit. 

 The trunk is often thick, with a straight bole, 

 much-branched above, with rough, fissured, and 

 corky bark. The leaves, downy when young, are 

 5-lobed, kidney-shaped or scalloped, the lobes 



