WOODS AND COPSES 



59 



stamens are longer than the styles. The flowering 

 shoots are radical. The drupelets, 1-6, are large 

 and deep -red. The plant flowers in July and 

 August, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Avens (Geum urbanum, L.). The habitat of 

 this plant is thickets, borders of copses, hedges, 

 and hedgebanks. The habit is that of a rosette 

 plant. The radical leaves are long-stalked, with 

 lobes each side of a common stalk, the terminal 

 leaflet large, rounded, scalloped, lobed, the lateral 

 ones stalkless, oblong. The stem-leaves are made 

 up of 3 leaflets, variable. The stipules are large, 

 lobed, and cut. The flowers are small, erect, 

 yellow. The petals are spreading, inversely egg- 

 shaped, and the flower-stalk is slender. The 

 achenes form a head which is not stalked, the 

 upper joint of the awn being short and smooth. 

 The achenes are roughly hairy and spreading. 

 The receptacle is roughly hairy. It is 1-3 ft. high, 

 and flowers from June to August, being a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



Water Avens (Geum ri-vale, L.). The habitat 

 of this plant is damp woods. The habit is that 

 of a rosette plant. The lower part of the stem 

 is clothed with bent-back hairs, and it is very 

 downy above. The radical and stem-leaves are 

 as in the last, with more numerous segments, 

 the lateral larger. The stipules are egg-shaped, 

 small, toothed. The flowers are drooping, purplish- 

 brown, with darker veins, larger than the last, 

 the petals are notched, broadly inversely egg- 

 shaped or heart-shaped, the claw wedge-shaped. 

 The purple calyx lobes are reddish-brown, downy, 

 with a long, narrow point. In fruit it is erect, 

 the lobes closely pressed. The stalk of the ovary 

 is long. The lower joint of the style equals the 

 long, hairy, upper joint, the point smooth. The 

 achenes form a head which is stalked. The plant 

 is i ft. or more in height. It flowers in June and 

 July, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Geum intermedium, Ehrh. = rivale X urbanum. 

 The habitat of this cross is damp woods. The 

 habit is the rosette habit. The leaves are as in 

 the last two. The stipules are round, toothed. 

 The flowers are erect or drooping, larger than in 

 Geum urbanum. The flowers are paler and more 

 yellow than in Water Avens. The purple calyx 

 is intermediate, not turned back in fruit, but wide- 

 spreading. The stalk of the ovary is short, or it 

 is stalkless. The lower joint of the style is longer 

 than the upper, which is hairy, with long, smooth 

 point. It is 1-2 ft. high. The fruit is stalkless. 

 The plant flowers in June and July, and is a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



Downy Rose (Rosa -villosa, L.). The habitat 

 of this rose is thickets and hedges. The habit 

 is that of an erect shrub, with straight then arch- 

 ing branches. It is a large bush. The prickles 

 are uniform, slender, and nearly straight, and 

 serve as a protection. The leaflets are acute, 

 with usually doubly-toothed margin, with few or 

 no glands, softly downy. The flowers are deep 

 rose colour on short flower- stalks. The erect 

 sepals, lance-shaped, convex at the back in fruit, 

 are quite persistent, and densely glandular, slightly 



pinnate. They are unequal, due to their arrange- 

 ment in the bud. The corolla is fringed with 

 hairs and glandular. There is no disk. The 

 fruit is round, densely prickly or naked, bright- 

 red, ripe in August. Downy Rose is 3-6 ft., and 

 flowers in June and July. It is a deciduous shrub. 



Downy Rose (Rosa omissa, Desegl.). The 

 habitat of this species is thickets. The mature 

 thorns are straight, rarely or slightly curved. 

 The stem is tall, prickly, nearly straight. The 

 leaflets are egg-shaped, elliptic, with numerous 

 glands, hairy. The sepals are persistent till the 

 fruit is ripe, glandular, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, 

 sub-erect in fruit, the flower-stalk short, variable 

 in length, with large bracts. The plant is 3-6 ft. 

 high, flowering in June and July, and is a decid- 

 uous shrub. 



Rosa agrestis, Savi. - R. septum, Thuill. The 

 habitat of this plant is thickets, chalk downs, &c. 

 The stem is sub-erect, with long, loose branches. 

 The prickles are unequal, hooked, with a few 

 aciculi and glandular hairs. The leaflets are 

 small, narrowed both ends, very glandular below, 

 hairless or hairy on the veins below, doubly- 

 toothed. The flowers are 1-3, pink. The sepals 

 are nearly persistent, closely pinnate. The flower- 

 stalk is naked. The styles are hairy, downy. 

 The early fruit is egg-shaped or nearly rounded, 

 naked. The disk is moderate. The plant is 3-6 

 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is a de- 

 ciduous shrub. 



Evergreen Rose (Rosa sempervirens, L.). This 

 rose is commonly found in plantations and is an 

 escape from cultivation. The plant is evergreen, 

 shining, the branches are long, prostrate, the 

 leaflets on the flowering branches are only 5. 

 The sepals are shining, glandular on the back. 

 The column of the styles is hairy. The plant is 

 3-4 ft. high, flowering in June and July, and is an 

 evergreen shrub. 



Pyrus latifolia, Syme. The habitat of this plant 

 is copses and borders of forests, hilly woods. This 

 and other species were formerly considered sub- 

 species of Pyrus Aria (see Volume III, Section V). 

 The habit is the tree habit, as in the latter. The 

 leaves of the flowering shoots are elliptical, with 

 5-9 lateral veins on each side, less prominent 

 below, egg-shaped, acute or oblong, lobed, the 

 lobes often acute, triangular, deepest near the 

 middle, toothed, with a long narrow point. The 

 under side of the leaves is grey-felted, and floccu- 

 lent with tufts of wool. The white flowers are in 

 a corymb. The fruit is red or darkish -brown. 

 The plant is considered a hybrid between P. Aria 

 and P. torminalis. It is a tall tree, flowering in 

 May and June, and is deciduous. 



Pyrus intermedia, Ehrh. The habitat of this 

 plant is woods. The plant has the tree habit, and 

 the leaves are oblong, doubly -toothed near the 

 tip, deeply divided nearly to the base below, the 

 lobes oblong, lance -shaped, toothed, the lobes 

 more united toward the extremity of the leaf, which 

 is only deeply doubly- toothed, hence the name 

 intermedia. The under side is white and downy. 

 The white flowers are in a corymb. The anthers 



