62 



BRITISH FLORA 



the inner small, fertile, the outer larger neuter, 

 forming- a ray. The corolla is wheel-shaped, i.e. 

 the outer flowers, inner bell-shaped, creamy white. 

 The berries are scarlet, rarely (Leicestershire, 

 Derbyshire) orange. The seeds are keeled, flat- 

 tened. The plant is 6-8 ft. in height, flowering in 

 June and July, and is a deciduous tree or shrub. 



Perfoliate Honeysuckle (Lonicera Caprifolium, 

 L.). The habitat of the plant is woods, copses, 

 borders of woods, hedges in woods, lanes, and in 

 open fields. The habit is climbing or twining, 

 The upper leaves are oblong, united below round 

 the stem, forming a cup in which water collects, 

 serving to prevent insects from climbing up. They 

 are bluish -green below, the lower are stalked, 

 smooth both sides, and distinct, broadly egg- 

 shaped, oblong. The bracts are leafy, large, con- 

 nected; the flower-heads terminal, stalkless, with 

 a gaping corolla, the tube long. The flowers are 

 white or purple, whorled. The calyx-limb is short, 

 and persists. The style is smooth. The berries 

 are round and scarlet. The pericarp and placenta 

 are fleshy. The plant is a climber, flowering in 

 May and June, and is a deciduous shrub. 



Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera Xylosteum, L.). 

 The habitat of the plant is copses. The habit is 

 climbing. The plant is downy. The stem is erect, 

 or nearly so. The leaves are stalked, egg-shaped 

 or inversely so, downy. The flowers are axillary, 

 in pairs, short, pale yellow, on 2 flower-stalks, 

 which are downy, as long as the flowers, shorter 

 than the leaves. The limb of the calyx falls at 

 length. There are 2 linear, downy bracts, and 

 minute bracteoles. The ovaries are connected at 

 the base. The anther-stalks are downy. The 

 berries are small, scarlet or crimson. The plant 

 is a climber, flowering in May and June, and is 

 a deciduous shrub. 



Linnaea (Linncea borealis, L.). The habitat of 

 this plant is fir forests and plantations, and heathy 

 woods. The habit is trailing or creeping. The 

 plant is without hairs, except the inflorescence, 

 which is glandular. The stems are slender, thread- 

 like. The leaves are opposite, in distant pairs, 

 broadly egg-shaped, blunt, scalloped, stalked, 

 dark-green above, paler below, leathery. The 

 flowers are pink, sweet-scented, on erect, thread- 

 like, 2-flowered flower-stalks, with 2 bracts above, 

 and are drooping, purple within. The flower- 

 stalks arise from short lateral branches, with 2-4 

 leaves. The fruit, which is rare, is small, black 

 when ripe. The plant is a trailer, 3-8 in. long, 

 flowering in July, and is an evergreen shrub. 



ORDER RUBIACE/E 



Madder (Rubia pereg-n'na, L.). The habitat of 

 this species is copses and rocks, chiefly near the 

 sea, stony places in S. and W. England. The habit 

 is erect or spreading. The plant is smooth, shin- 

 ing, except for the recurved prickles on the stem 

 angles, midrib, and leaf margins. The old stem 

 is round, the shoots square, spreading. The leaves 

 are in whorls of 4-6, elliptic, oblong, lance-shaped, 

 smooth above, nerveless, the margin and keel 



having turned-back bristles, rigid, and evergreen. 

 The flowers are in axillary or terminal, panicled 

 cymes, longer than the leaves, greenish-yellow. 

 The lobes of the 5-cleft, wheel-shaped corolla are 

 spreading, oval, narrowed to a fine point. The 

 stamens are short, the 2 styles united below, the 

 stigmas pinheaded. The fruit is black, small, 

 rounded. Madder is 1-2 ft. high. The flowers 

 appear from June to August. The plant is a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



Asperula taurina, L. This plant is an alien 

 found in shrubberies. The habit is erect. The 

 leaves are 4 in a whorl, elliptic, with a long, narrow 

 point, 3-veined. The flowers are pinkish-white in 

 a corymb, the tube of the corolla very long, the 

 fruit rather rough. The plant is 6-28 in. in height, 

 and flowers in May and June, being a herbaceous 

 perennial. 



ORDER COMPOSITE. 



Elecampane (Inula Helenium, L.). The habitat 

 of the plant is copses, and meadows, or moist 

 pastures. In Scotland it is found naturalized 

 about old houses and castles. There is a large, 

 succulent rootstock. The habit is erect. The 

 stem is tall, stout, branched above, round, fur- 

 rowed, solid, with many large leaves which are 

 smooth above, velvety below. The radical leaves 

 are long-stalked, oblong, lance-shaped. The 

 stem-leaves are stalkless, toothed, heart-shaped 

 or egg-shaped, auricled, acute. The flowerheads 

 are large, the flower-stalk long, stout, and naked, 

 terminal, solitary, or few. The florets are bright 

 yellow, the ray florets ligulate. The ligules are 

 long and slender. The bracts are leafy, the inner 

 inversely egg-shaped, the outer broadly egg- 

 shaped, turned back, velvety. The smooth fruit 

 is 4-angled, the pappus pale red. Elecampane 

 grows to a height of 3-4 ft., and flowers in July 

 and August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. 



Wood Cudweed (Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L.). 

 The habitat of the plant is woods, copses, alpine 

 places, pastures, and heaths. The plant has a 

 woody rootstock. The habit is erect. The stem 

 is simple, the leaves are woolly below, linear, 

 lance-shaped, or inversely egg-shaped, acute, the 

 stem-leaves narrower, acute, i-nerved. The leaf- 

 stalk is not half-clasping. The flowerheads are 

 cylindrical in a long, leafy raceme or spike, or axil- 

 lary or terminal. The florets are dark brown, the 

 involucral bracts unequal, yellow or reddish brown, 

 blunt, the outer ones cottony. The fruit is downy, 

 the pappus white or brown. The wood cudweed 

 is 3-24 in. in height, flowering from July up till 

 September, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Leopard's Bane (DoronicumPardalianches, L.). 

 The habitat of the plant is plantations, damp, 

 hilly woods, and pastures. The rootstock is creep- 

 ing and bears stolons. The habit is erect, solitary, 

 the stem hollow, hairy or smooth, glandular above. 

 The radical leaves are stalked, egg-shaped to heart- 

 shaped, rounded at the tip. The lower stem-leaves 

 clasp the stalk, the upper are stalkless and clasp- 

 ing. The leaves are hairy, with fine teeth, soft, 

 blunt, those above acute. The 3-5 flowerheads 



