WOODS AND COPSES 



The liabitat of this plant is woods, and heaths in 

 the north. The plant has the rosette habit. The 

 rootstock is creeping. The stem is short, rather 

 woody, and the leaves are numerous, rounded or 

 oval, scalloped, with large bracts. The flowers 

 are milky-white with a pinky tinge, numerous, not 

 much expanded, in a raceme, the lobes of the calyx 

 egg-shaped, acute. The stamens are bent in- 

 wards, not so long as the straight or slightly bent 

 style, with a ring at the base of the stigma which 

 has 5 small, blunt, erect lobes. The style projects 

 slightly, and is somewhat longer than the ovary. 

 The capsule is 5-valved, with minute seeds. The 

 plant is 8-12 in. in height, flowering in July and 

 August, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Round-leaved Wintergreen (Pyrola rotund if olia, 

 L.). The habitat of the plant is mountain woods, 

 moist woods, and copses, damp bushy places, and 

 reedy marshes, heaths, &c. The habit is as in 

 the last. The stem bears larger spreading bracts. 

 The leaves are numerous, round, entire, slightly 

 scalloped, inversely egg-shaped. The leaf-stalks 

 are long' and slender. The flowers are in a long 

 raceme, white, numerous, expanded. The seg- 

 ments of the calyx are lance-shaped, acute. The 

 stamens are shorter than the style, turned up, 

 ascending or erect. There is a ring below the 

 stigma on the style which is bent down, and 

 curved up at the end, longer than the corolla. 

 The lobes of the stigma are erect and small. The 

 plant is 8-12 in. in height, and flowers in July and 

 August, being a herbaceous perennial. 



Mountain Wintergreen (Pyrola secnnda, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is mountain woods, rocky 

 woods, mossy alpine woods, and heaths. The 

 habit is as in the last or more prostrate, the stem 

 straggling with ascending branches. The leaves 

 are numerous, egg-shaped, acute, toothed, form- 

 ing a rosette, or alternate, thin, netted, on short 

 stalks. The scape is slender with 1-5 bracts. The 

 flowers are arranged all on one side of a raceme, 

 with linear bracteoles, drooping or horizontal, 

 nearly closed, greenish-white, with hollowed, oval- 

 oblong petals, the sepals blunt, notched, rounded, 

 triangular. The stamens are in-bent, not so long 

 as or equal to the style, which is long and straight, 

 ascending. The stigma is broad and lobed, with- 

 out a ring, and the style lengthens in fruit, and 

 projects. The capsule is drooping. The plant is 

 2-6 in. high, and flowers in July and August, being 

 a herbaceous perennial. 



Snowdrop Wintergreen (Moncses -uniflora, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is woods chiefly in the 

 X. & \V. Highlands of Scotland. The habit is as 

 in the last. The stem is leafy. The leaves are 

 few, rounded, toothed, or spoon-shaped, wavy, 

 alternate, membranous, shortly-stalked. The scape 

 bears one bract at the top. The flowers are large, 

 open, solitary, drooping, then erect, terminal, 

 white. The petals are nearly flat, spreading. 

 The sepals are fringed with hairs, blunt and broad. 

 The stamens are shorter than the corolla, closely 

 pressed to the petals. The stalks of the anthers 

 are curved. There is no ring round the long style. 

 The long stigmas are persistent, large. The cap- 



VOL. VI. 



sule is erect. The plant is 1-3 in. in height. It 

 flowers from June to August, and is a herbaceous 

 perennial. 



ORDER MONOTROPACE^ 



Yellow Bird's Nest (Monotropa Hypopitys, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is woods, near roots of 

 fir and beech, and the plant is a saprophyte. The 

 plant feeds on decaying vegetable matter. The 

 stem with fleshy roots is scaly, with bracts above, 

 and is creamy -white, turning black, succulent, 

 unbranched above, forming a terminal raceme or 

 cluster, which is drooping, then erect. The flowers 

 are yellow, hairy, numerous, on short stalks, erect 

 in fruit. The sepals are irregular in position. The 

 anther -stalks are bent inwards, the alternate 

 longer. The upper flowers are in 5 or 6 parts, 

 with 10 stamens, those below in 4 parts, with 18 

 stamens. The style is short. The fruit is egg- 

 shaped or round, and erect. The plant is 3-12 in. 

 in height, and flowers from June to August, being 

 perennial. 



ORDER PRIMULACE^E 



Sowbread {Cyclamen hcderafolium, Ait.). The 

 habitat of this species is hedgebanks, copses, 

 woods, and plantations. The habit is like that of 

 a bulbous plant. The root is a flattened tuber, 

 turnip-shaped, fibrous. The autumnal leaves ap- 

 pear after the plant has flowered, and are heart- 

 shaped, 5-9-angular, toothed, dark green, blotched 

 with white, wavy, marginal blotches, purple below. 

 The flowers are pink, with a red base, borne on 

 scapes. The sepals are egg-shaped with a long, 

 narrow point, toothed. The throat of the corolla 

 is 5-angled. The stalk is rolled up spirally when 

 the flower is in fruit. The capsule is 5-valved. 

 The plant is 4-8 in. high, flowering in August and 

 September, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Chickweed Wintergreen (Trientalis europcea, 

 L.). The habitat of this plant is sub-alpine woods, 

 and woods in N. Britain. The habit is erect. The 

 roctstock is creeping. The stem is slender, wiry, 

 with the leaves at the top. The leaves are lance- 

 shaped, inversely egg-shaped, rigid, shining, blunt 

 or acute, shortly-stalked. The flowers are white 

 with a yellow ring on slender stalks. The sepals 

 are linear, awl-like, the petals egg-shaped, acute, 

 and as the sepals in whorls of 7-9. The capsule 

 is large, the size of a pea, the valves soon falling. 

 The seeds are 6 -sided, flattened, shield -shape. 

 The plant is 2-8 in. in height. It flowers in June 

 and July, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER OLEACE^: 



Privet (Ligtistrum vulgare, L.). The habitat of 

 this shrub is woods, thickets, especially in the 

 south. The plant has the shrub habit. The plant 

 is nearly an evergreen, with smooth slender 

 branches, and bark. The leaves are shortly- 

 stalked, oblong, lance-shaped, entire, acute, op- 

 posite. The flowers are in terminal panicles, 

 dense and compound, white, The berries are 



