258 NEOZOIC TIME. [CHAP. XII. 



the newer Crags, only seven of which still live on the 

 Scandinavian coast, the remainder being now confined to 

 the North American region. 



This view of late Pliocene geography is represented on 

 Plate XIII., and this differs from previous restorations 

 chiefly in those particulars where recent information has 

 afforded more correct data than were formerly available. 

 The first attempt to give an outline of Pliocene geography 

 -was by Mr. God win -Austen, who, in 1866, 1 published a 

 map on which the supposed area of " the Crag Sea " was 

 delineated. At that time, however, it was unknown that 

 the sands of the Coralline Crag ranged so far south and 

 to such a high level ; while many deposits were then called 

 Crag which have since been proved to be of Pleistocene age ; 

 consequently, his map combines portions of the geogra- 

 phical conditions of several distinct periods, and is not 

 correct for any one portion of them. 



Professor Boyd Pawkins has given a map of Pliocene 

 Britain 2 which may be taken as an approximation to that 

 of the later portion of the period, but since its publication 

 Mr. Jamieson has shown that the supposed Crag of Aber- 

 deen is a remanie deposit of Pleistocene age, 3 and conse- 

 quently there is no proof of the Eed Crag sea having 

 touched any part of the Scottish coast. In the region of 

 the Faroe Islands, also, Professor Dawkins shows a greater 

 area of water than I deem probable ; for it should be re- 

 membered that the whole of the newly-formed North Sea 

 may have been very shallow. No deep-sea deposits of 

 Pliocene age have yet been found in north-western Europe, 

 and the phenomena of the Forest Bed show that a very 

 slight upheaval was sufficient to convert a large area of it 

 into dry land. 



1 " Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.," vol. xxii. p. 240. 



2 Early Man in Britain," 1880, p. 73. 



3 " Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.," 1882, vol. xxxviii. p. 145. 



