THE DOG. 37 



suits, are specially dependent upon their dogs, and it is easy to see 

 that by long-continued use for peculiar work, characteristics adapted 

 to such work could be produced even in dogs which did not possess 

 them naturally, and when produced, they could be confirmed and 

 strengthened by careful selection in breeding, till classes were 

 formed to which these characteristics become instinctive. 



By ancient writers dogs were divided into three classes, viz. : 

 Pugnaces, Sagaces, and Celeres, but this arrangement has given 

 way to modern ones, more distinctive, though not perhaps more sat- 

 isfactory. Cuvier made three divisions, based upon the shape of 

 the head and the length of the jaws ; these being supposed by him to 

 vary in accordance with the intelligence and scenting power. These 

 classes are, 1, Matins ; 2, Spaniels ; and, 3, House-dogs. 



Matins are characterized by " head more or less elongated ; parietal 

 bones insensibly approaching each other ; condyles of the lower jaw 

 placed in a horizontal line with the upper molar teeth." This class 

 is exemplified by, 



" 1. Half-reclaimed dogs, hunting in packs; such as the Dingo, 

 the Dhole, the Pariah, etc. 



" 2. Domesticated dogs, hunting in packs or singly, but using 

 the eye in preference to the nose, such as the Albanian dog, Deer- 

 hound, etc. 



" 3. Domesticated dogs, which hunt singly and almost entirely by 

 the eye. Example, the Greyhound." 



Spaniels are characterized by " head moderately elongated ; pari- 

 etal bones do not approach each other above the temples, but diverge 

 and swell out, so as to enlarge the forehead and cavity of the brain." 

 In this class are found, 



" 4. Pastoral dogs, or such as are employed for domestic pur- 

 poses. Example, the Shepherd's dog. 



" 5. Water-dogs, which delight in swimming. Examples, the 

 Newfoundland dog, Water-Spaniel, etc. 



" 6. Fowlers, or such as have an inclination to chase or point 

 birds by scenting only, and not killing. Examples, the Setter, the 

 Pointer, the Field-Spaniel, etc. 



